IR spectroscopy of cigarette smoke

IR spectrum compend of pansy kittyIn this experiment the constituents of cigarette cola in undisclosed brands A and B were analysed using Fourier infrared spectroscopic analysis (FTIR). The smoke from the cigarettes of both brands were tested comparing both the levels of carbon monoxide and methane between both brands and the difference in concentration of these constituents in both the filtered and unfiltered of each of the cigarette brands. The results of this study showed that brand B filtered smoke had little carbon monoxide than brand B unfiltered smoke as well(p) Brand A cigarette smoke which seemed to have relatively the same amount of carbon monoxide in both unfiltered smoke as well as having considerably more carbon monoxide than brand B.IntroductionFourier translate Infrared spectrometry is a form of IR spectroscopy which is most commonly referred to as FTIR spectroscopy and is used in outline of the molecular constituents in a type that is being processed. Inf ra red radiation is passed through the sample which hits some of the molecular constituents in the sample which either absorbs the energy or is transmitted back epoch some radiation completely misses the molecules altogether. This and so shows the presence of a substance with absorption peaks which are conformable with frequencies of vibrations between the bonds and the atoms that make up the substance as the data is collected and processed. The amount of the particular constituents toilet also be picked up using the size of each peak on the display. 4Infrared Spectroscopy has been used extensively over the past few years as a means of acquire accurate data of samples that are being analysed for their chemical constituents. This software has the ability to recognise e actually virtuoso chemical constituent in a sample that has passed through a spectrometer which is held together by chemical bond, however this means that this particular method also has its limitations as it can not process monoatomic gases as the atoms in the gas do not form a chemical bonds with each other stipulation that IR spectrometer measures the vibrational energies of the bond lengths it will not show up on the terminal spectra.IR spectroscopy has further limitations which involve the speed of the processing of the data where each was processed separately Ft-IR spectroscopy was developed to address this problem by collecting all the frequencies simultaneously. This was achieved by adding a newborn device to the original IR spectrometer which is known as interferometer. This device is responsible for taking the mark picked by the IR radiation and converting it into a new signal which is now encoded. This process again is very quick as it is measured to an order of one flake. 4 Unfortunately this signal cannot be interpreted until it is born-again once more by the Inferogram, this is accomplished by a mathematical technique known as Fourier Transformation which is performed by the software which then displays the spectra.ExperimentalBefore the experiment was carried step forward the FTIR machine was gradatory according to the measurement of the wavenumber to ensure the accuracy of each effort that was carried out. This was done by using breath expansions where the band centres were estimated to be within 0.1 cm-1 which is about a tenth of the resolution. 2Prior to the actual measurements were taken a background spectra was taken with a full cell of air as a control for the experiment. formerly this had been done at least ternion times to ensure accurate data the vacuum sop up was connected to the cell by the quick fit adapter.The process was commenced by ensuring all five lights-out on the pith were closed and turned all the way round, clockwise. Then glass wool was jam-packed into the pipette bulb with care using tweezers to make a cigarette holder. The cigarette was inserted into the holder and the pump was switched on. Both taps one and two w ere opened (see figure 1). The chosen cigarette for that particular trial was then lit, (for unfiltered cigarettes both coffin nails brands A and B filters were cut aside with a pair of scissors). water tap troika was then slowly turned so that it was only slightly opened for just one second which allowed air to flow through the machine and therefore causing the cigarette to burn much more energetically. To ensure that as much sample that could be obtained from the smoke was made possible, a boiling render was placed over the burning cigarette to collect the smoke that was given off from the burning cigarette butt which is then trapped in the gas cell ready for analysis. Taps 1 was then closed and tap 2 was opened to allow cigarette smoke to pass into the gas cell. Tap 2 was then closed followed straight after that by tap 1. The cigarette was then stubbed out the cell was detached from the vacuum line. Once the sample was analysed by the FT-IR mass spectrometer the gas cell wa s evacuated by being placed in a dessicator. The gas line was also evacuated by turning off the tap for the pump and then venting the gas by turning taps 1 and 4. 2This surgical operation was carried out four times to test both filtered and unfiltered brands A and B to obtain 1275 spectra for each trial.Filtered Cigarette smoke A in (cm-1) CO (1985, 2325), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) 57Unfiltered Cigarette smoke A in (cm-1) CO (2150, 2200), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) 57Filtered Cigarette smoke B in (cm-1) CO (2150, 2200), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625)Unfiltered Cigarette smoke B in (cm-1) CO (2150, 2200), CH4 (1275, 1675), OH (3000, 3625), CH3CHO (2250, 2525) Benzene (625) 57Discussion and ConclusionIt seems that the overall data that was produced shows that filtered cigarette B smoke was the most harmless cigarette smoke in comparison to its unfiltered counterp art and both the filtered and unfiltered brand A cigarette smoke as it had the lowest levels of carbon monoxide. Even though there were very thin errors in the analysis of the data there are still limitations with FT-IR spectrometer such as the adult stretches of water which strongly absorbs infra red radiation over other molecules and also the difficulty of free fall pointing exactly what each of the chemicals were according to the complex stretches that were displayed on the spectra produced.However the overall advantages are the speed at which the trials are run as all the frequencies are measured simultaneously rather than separately. The FT-IR is also egotism calibrating therefore so not have to be constantly calibrated by the user ensuring controlled data. 4 The Spectrometer also does not require a vacuum as the IR radiations is not absorbed by either oxygen or nitrogen.This is why this particular form of analysis is used worldwide in analysis of subastances as IR radiatio n can be absorbed in all three phases (Solid, Liquid and Gaseous states) therefore making it an accurate and versatile method.AcknowledgementsMy heartfelt gratitude extends to Sam Finlayanson, Lewis Alan Edwards5 for allowing me to use their spectra as part of my results so that I am able to write a complete analysis on the experiment. I would also like to thank Mr Douglas Hamilton for his helpful advice and kind support while carrying out the analysis on pgopher and finally the staff of Bristol Chem labs.ReferencesIntra-puff CO and CO2 measurements of cigarettes with iron oxide cigarette paper using quantum go down laser spectroscopy, Danielle R.Crawforda, Milton E. Parrisha, Diane L. Geea and Charles N. HarwardDLM manualDiagram produced on paint by Miss Abira Sri SatkunasinghamThermo Nicolet pamphlet Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared SpectrometrySam Finlayanson, Lewis Alan Edwards spectraAbira Sri Satkunasingham experiment calculations and results (spectra)NIST Web book ( for identifying the stretches)Formation and Analysis of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke Adams, J.D., Hoffman, D. Wynder, E.Determination of Particle-Size Distribution and Concentration of Cigarette Smoke by a Light-Scattering method acting TAKASHI OKADA AND KAZUKO MATSUNUMA Central Research Institute, Japan Monopoly Corporation, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227, JapanPuff-by-puff and intrapuff analysis of cigarette smoke using infrared spectroscopy by Milton E. Parrish, Jim L. Lyons-Hart and Kenneth H. ShaferTHE HITRAN MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIC DATABASE AND HAWKS (HITRAN ATMOSPHERIC WORKSTATION) 1996 EDITIONFundamentals of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy By Brian C. Smith