Apfgan women's lives have not improved Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apfgan womens lives get hold of not improved - Essay Examplefirst madam Laura Bushs preposterous statement that The fight against terrorism is also a fight for the rights and haughtiness of women is juxtaposed with the revelation by Amnesty International that forced marriage, particularly of girl children, and violence against women in the family argon widespread in many areas of the country (Rawi) even after two years have passed since the end of the Taliban regime. The introductory paragraph makes a very strong statement with the help of these two quotes that are contradictory in nature. The attempt by Rawi in the ensuing paragraphs to validate the latter quote is healthful substantiated with authentic factual and opinion ground information gathered from various reliable sources.The diction is operative and appropriate for the clinical analysis of the issue. There is no recourse to careless use of words that snoop baseless subjective opinions anywhere in the see. Most of the essay reads like a fact-based journalistic report. However, the polemic aspects of the essay emerge through the objective observations and analyses. The writes states clearly that the American intervention in Afghan had been based merely on selfish motives, and has only promoted the mistreatment of women in various spheres of life. The arguments are systematically and chronologically reason under apt subtitles. The economy of words and argumentative strategies make the essay a reader-friendly one, presenting facts and opinions in a swift and curt manner. The use of excerpts from an interview with an international NGO worker with regard to the deteriorating status of women in Afghanistan brings in an element of authenticity with the strength of first hand knowledge. Both the official records and mean solar day to day life experiences of women in Afghan are presented in a logical order that proves Rawis point.The sound use of unaffected language and crucial information regarding t he general life standards in Afghan makes the essay an

In Favor of the Protect Life Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

In Favor of the cheer Life Act - Research Paper ExampleThe litmus test for any efficient righteousness is that it creates a regardable and just society, while leading to a minimal wastage of the tax payers funds. After poorly deliberating and pondering on the varied aspects of law, American values and the available statistics, I have decided to by all odds support the Protect Life Act. I strongly and reasonably believe that the American tax payers money should not be wasted on facilitating, funding and allowing spontaneous abortions. It is not only contrary the time tried Western ethics, but also does not make a sound economic sense. Many battalion be perhaps simply not aware of the fact that abortion currently qualifies to be designate a gargantuan caper for our society that is undermining its values and economy. Every year, 42 million abortions take ordinate in the United States of America. This roughly amounts to a horrendous 115,000 abortions per day. Things will get clearer if one takes into consideration as to whom the people are having these abortions. 52 percentage of the women resorting to abortions happen to be less than 25 years of age. (The core group for Bio-Ethical rectify Online)). Moreover, of these, 20 percent happen to be teenagers (The fondness for Bio-Ethical Reform Online). Also, out of all the abortions conducted each year, only 1 percent are performed on women who are victims of incest or rape, and a mere 6 percent of these abortions are performed for reasons classified as potential health risks to the mother or the child (The Center for Bio-Ethical Reform Online). Astonishingly, 93 percent of the abortions are carried on for social or personal reasons ((The Center for Bio-Ethical Reform Online). The American society and the American tax payer certainly have ample responsibilities towards people veneer health risks and those who are the victims of crime and abuse. But, going by the mentioned statistics, why should the Ame rican public be squander its hard earned money on supporting the abortions of people who simply get carried away by the recreational aspects of their love life, without giving a serious thought to the possible outcomes of their freewheeling attitude. I am no way against unmarried people engaging in sex, and am all in favor of sex education. Yet, I also hold that as people are responsible for the consequences of their career decisions, monetary decisions, they are also as much responsible for the outcomes of their coital decisions and choices. Hence, it is they who should be bearing the cost of their irresponsible acts and not the American tax payer. The other thing that needs to be taken into consideration is that is abortion simply a problem or also a symptom of a bigger problem existing in our economic system? Again, it would be realistic and pragmatic to resort to the available and presumptive statistics. Almost, 29 percent of the abortions are availed by women whose family i ncome stands to be less than $ 15,000 (The Center for Bio-Ethical Reform Online). 19.5 percent of the abortions are performed on women whose family income is between $ 15,000 and $ 29,999 (The Center for Bio-Ethical Reform Online). In the case of women whose family income is more than $ 60,000, a mere 13.8 percent of the ab

Bandura Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bandura - Essay ExampleBandura has provided a framework for the understanding of way of individuals by means of his social nurture hypothesis, which has recently been renamed as the social cognitive possibility. Bandura clearly suggests that human behavior is learned, and that this learning process is through observation. This process of human learning can be seen in his own words Of the many cues that warp behavior, at any point in time, none is more common than the actions of others. (Bandura, 1986, p.206).The social cognitive theory explains overt behavior displayed by an individual in terms of the motivational factors and the self-regulatory mechanisms involved in the behavior of the individual. This theory implies that human behavior is a result of a learning process. This learning according to the theory is called observational learning. This learning process need not be the result of self-experiences, but through vicarious learning, by observing the behavior of others, an d the consequences of their behavior. This focus on learning through observation is the unique and classifiable feature of Banduras theory. According to Bandura most human behavior is the result of learning through caseful either intentionally or by accident, and then patterning behavior on what has been learnt. The advantage of this learning process is that unnecessary errors are eliminated. The strength of Banduras theory is that it is founded on observations made, has been proven through objective experiments with children. many of the children behavior patterns mimic those of their parents, and is the result of observed learning of the behavioral patterns of the parents and the benefits that it offers.Bandura postulates that there are four instalment processes that act within the observer at the time of exposure to a model of behavior. The initial lot is the attentional process. Unless attention is paid by the subject to the model observational learning does not abridge plac e, and

Waste Control of Medical Supplies in the Health Care Industry Research Paper

Waste Control of Medical Supplies in the Health Care Industry - Research Paper ExampleVarious legal and clinical standards put up been set forth in order to manage the disposal of hospital decomposes. To some extent, these policies and standards have been comparatively effective in managing hospital drifts. Improvements to these standards are still leaseed in order to ensure that hospital wastes are effectively managed and that risks to the general population in relation to such wastes are minimized. This paper shall talk of the current waste control of medical supplies in the health care industry. It shall also discuss the impaction of ineffective waste management on hospitals and on disease management. It shall also consider the different potential improvements which can be made in the waste control and management of healthcare wastes. This paper is creation conducted in the hope of establishing an academic and scholarly approach and answer to the topic on healthcare waste control. Discussion Most of the wastes from healthcare facilities can be considered regular solid municipal waste. However, some of these wastes need particular attention these are sharps (needles, razors, scalpels), pathological wastes, infectious wastes, pharmaceutical wastes, biological wastes, and hazardous chemical substance wastes (Johannessen, et.al., 2000). each in all, these wastes are referred to as special health care wastes. Wastes from isolation wards and microbiological laboratories also require special attention. The rest of the waste from healthcare facilities acknowledge packaging, reusable medical equipment, and secondary wastes created by disposal technologies (Johannessen, et.al., 2000). wrong and inadequate management of these products exposes people and the environment to health risks. Various healthcare workers, patients, waste renderlers, and the general prevalent are exposed to various health risks from these infectious wastes (most especially, the sh arps), chemicals, and different hospital wastes (Johannessen, et.al., 2000). And the exposure to these wastes is often seen with the faulty handling by health workers. The WHO (1999) has successfully classified the different types of healthcare wastes and these include common waste and special wastes (infectious, anatomic, pharmaceutical, genotoxic, chemical, heavy metals, pressurized containers, and radioactive materials). Communal wastes are all solid wastes which are not infectious, chemical or radioactive. These can specifically include packaging materials and office supplies. These wastes can generally be given up of in communal landfills or quasi(prenominal) arrangements (WHO, 1999). Segregation and recycling applies to these wastes. Special wastes on the other hand are classified into various categories and are not in any way classified for communal landfills. Infectious wastes are wastes from humans or animals which can potentially transmit infectious diseases to humans (WHO, 1999). These wastes include those which are discarded from equipment during diagnosis, treatment, and prevention stage of the diseases or the assessment of the patient during which contact with blood, tissues, saliva and other patient derivatives may have been seen. Such wastes include cultures and stocks, tissues, dressings, swabs, items soaked in blood, syringe needles, scalpels, diapers, blood bags, and similar items (WHO, 1999). All sharps regardless of usage by infected patient or not, is considered under infectious wastes. early(a)

Bussiness Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bussiness Research Proposal - Essay ExampleSince different regions and countries have different cultures, it whitethorn well be assumed that some of the circumspection calls that are effectively applied in these developed countries may not be effective in less developed countries or in some other regions of the world.While several studies have been conducted to reveal the impact of transformational leadership in developed countries and a fewer less developed ones, quite a lot remains undone especially in the mall East which generally has a culture that is different from those of the United States, and most western countries. It is this gap that this schooling seeks to fill by considering the application of transformational leadership in small businesses in Pakistan. This research will accordingly focus on transformational leadership and its effects on the performance of a sample of small organizations found in Pakistan.Since the Middle East is such a large region, and the nu mber of organizations within it is quite numerous, this field of study will be limited to only small organizations within Pakistan. For the purpose of this research, the toll leadership and management will be considered as synonyms in spite of the differences that may exist between the two terms on strict consideration. The two terms will, in this respect, be used interchangeably without change in meaning.There are many leadership styles that can be applied by managers and supervisors to achieve organisational goals. Some leadership styles include autocratic, participative and laissez faire. Other leadership styles include transformational, situational and transactional leadership. With respect to personality, one leadership style that is commonly applied in different regions is transformational leadership. Each of these management styles has its advantages and disadvantages and impact organizational performance differently. The sideline sections are dedicated to describing and d iscussing leadership, leadership styles and the impact of

Engaging children through the use of cartoons and comics Essay

savoury children through the use of cartoons and comics - Essay ExampleYouth responses to these articles indicated that their current developmental stage and learning capabilities would totally allow learning to be effective if the comic characters used in the classroom were interactive and needy of complex vocabulary and scenarios. Children in early adolescence are intrinsically motivated, meaning that they are motivated by the positive outcomes associated with a specific activity (Morris & Maisto, 2005). This is why the children responded so effectively to the comic images as it provided non only a learning experience, but fulfilled their need for stimulating images and imaginary role identity. Youths in this stage of development have not yet developed the ability to rationalize abstractly (Huitt & Hummel, 2003), and then this article case study reinforces that intrinsic, visual motivational elements that create positive sensations are effective in the modern classroom. Refere nces Huitt, W. & Hummel, J. (2003). internet Piagets theory of cognitive development accessed 3.7.2011 from http//www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cogsys/piaget.html Morris, C.G. & Maisto, A.A. (2005). Psychology An Introduction, 12th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall.

Project management week5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project management week5 - Essay ExampleStrategies curiously tailored should be used by the manager.Technology contribution to propose conference- different companies uses different colloquy in terms of technology. Technology should be chosen appropriately to effectively manage the project communication (Taylor, 2013, p. 27).Effective meetings- this is in terms of establishing rules, using communication models, media appropriation and relevant presentation methods. These atomic number 18 most-valuable factors for successful randomness of communication.Project audiences- the audiences for project meetings are the project team, the stakeholders, employees and vendors. The vendors are external audiences who are contacts of the team providing valuable information on merchandise prices.The project team is made of relevant people who are assigned to work on the project, obtaining necessary information from relevant sources like the management, employees, clients, shareholders who ne ed the project to return certain qualities for it to satisfy the essence of a good project. The management plays an important role in information flow between the project development team and the management itself, which communicates the important factors to be incorporated into the project plan.Project information-Approved information is the only thing that can be shared with the audiences. This information is inclusive of compute requests, project deliveries, change requests and relevant documents.Project status- this includes factors like completed milestones, summaries drafted, major accomplishments attributed to the project, current performances of the budget, that have been schedule and any factors that pose risks.Project team- these are the individuals allocated to draft the project they need to know every unmarried detail pertaining to the project. They still have to be provided with procedures that direct them in the expenses, escalating issues and time off. They also ne ed to

Th Kurig Systm in th Offic Coff Markt Case Study

Th Kurig Systm in th Offic Coff Markt - Case Study ExampleHaving companis know th fundamntal importanc of customr nds is th most important part of th succssful company ntring th offic coff markts srvic stratgy, and this will dirctly add to th futur succss and profit. Th ky focus of th dynamic company in th prsnt in trms of stablishing a nich in th markting ara ths days is oftn th suprior xprinc that customrs hav, rathr than th suprior product or srvic give out by th company. This has ld to th thory that th customrs basic nds should non only b mt, but should b xcdd. An important part of this procss is having a srvic profssional who is abl to mt and xcd thir nds by giving thm thir full attntion. b. What advic do you hav for Nick Lazaris concrning his dalings with MTS In daling with th k-cup filling machin manufacturr, th pricing goal should b st at a prmium lvl, so that xtrnal changs in machin parts and othr prics do not advrsly affct profits. Th pric of ingrdints for a coff would b a variabl, bcaus th xtrnal markt, howvr much Kurig is going to try to control th mans of production and allow chain, is still going to show fluctuations in th pric of raw matrials usd to mak th coff, and th machin. ... ?r for th For th brwing machins, production vndors can alike b outsourcd, as wll, saving still mor tim, and furthring industry-wid goals of providing fastr, chapr, and bttr goods and srvics. In th dynamic tchnology nvironmnt, in trms of intrnal strngths of solution, vndor support is not compltly rlgatd to th ffctiv automatd systm, and in many cass, vndors provid stratgic dirction for th company, rathr than xcutivs. d. What actions should Kurig tak to pntrat th offic coff srvic markt Kurig should rly on word of mouth to achiv as much of a rage status in th offic markt as possibl. Cultic organizations usually organiz amongst thir local communitis in ordr to garnr gnral community support, but it is important not to blam th cult ntirly victims may hav mor choics than wr prviously thought, according to nw modls of undrstanding. Community support can rang from garnring mdia attntion to gtting mor known about th organization through word of mouth. Leadership is also important at Keurig. But it is not on the button the managers job at the coffee and coffee machine company if they are running(a) as an active listener as well as communicator, they will then be subject to make creative decisions based on a framework of team thinking. The basic argument of the real thinking, regarding foundational vision and mission, is for the establishment of new marketing principles that are not based on rigid predominate structures, but are instead more able to dynamically respond to an ever-evolving present where the customer is the iodine who has the power. An overall conclusion that can be drawn from the Keurig case

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 80

Marketing - sample Exampleproduct helps diabetes patients that require admonishering constantly using devices and may also want silence and services that are discreet with which to test levels of glucose. The incognito product in this case lines well with the clients to monitor their blood sugar levels discreetly. Currently, the company is designing devices and accessories for monitoring of glucose currently to sell them direct to the patients or the consumers in this case.The products are have great designs, are of great quality, and most significantly they are incognito, giving customers their want privacy for use at whatever time they are comfortable. The avatar below is a standard of a probable client by the name Emily Hewings. She is obese as a result of being diabetic and living in a region that has widespread diabetes infection, that is southern America (USA) (DeVol & Bedroussian, para. 13).The population of the concourse living with diabetes and other termss that are related are expected to double within a 25 year bracket from now. Significant changes in strategy of the private or the public, and growth of cost will add a significant strain to the USA healthcare system that is already

Ethics in criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics in criminal rightness - Essay ExampleThe selective enforcement of laws is only rarely an outcome of law enforcement corruption.. An overview of history evidences that during periods when the perpetrators of a special(prenominal) type of crime occupy a position of singular importance, there is a tendency to run across the other way. This was the case during the 1920s with Prohibition, to name but one example. Selective enforcement as determined by the relative power of the perpetrators is immoral and ethic tout ensembley indefensible.More often than not, the selective enforcement of laws is predominantly, a consequence of strength of crime versus the resources at the possession of law enforcement forces. In the not uncommon periods where violent crime rank supersede non-violent crime rates, law enforcement tends to direct its attention to the latter and overlook victimless crimes within the context of the former. The discount here is that law enforcement whitethorn overlo ok crimes of possession or substance abuse consequent to the imperatives of way resources on the combating of the drug trade itself. Likewise, law enforcement is unlikely to enforce laws pertaining to petty shoplifting when resources are fail expended in the combating of aggravated assault, grand larceny and armed robbery. The implication here is that the selective enforcement of law is a consequence of priorities.Even while conceding to the fact that absolute ethics dictates the uniform implementation of all operational laws at all times, law enforcements failure to do so is not implicative of a breakdown of ethics. In fact, given the motivations for law enforcements selective implementation of laws, their doing so may be categorized as an exercise of utilitarian ethics. In accordance with utilitarian ethical systems, some(prenominal) the reasons which motivated an action and the consequences of the said action determine

How the Internet has changed my Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How the Internet has changed my life-time - Essay Example329). I, for a fact, had once never thought that in an instant I could suck up build friendships with people from different parts of the globe without even spending much money and without fearing that I might be rejected.The Internet has re tout ensembley changed my life and me to something I never thought it could be. Through Internet, I learned to communicate with other people even with those, I was once afraid due to my heathenish biases, which in turn has too drastically changed my negative views. I could say that this has broadened me almost in all ways. If before I only considered myself as an American citizen, now, I became a citizen of the world, because through the Internet, I was also exposed to world realities. Although it might be true that just like in the news, not everything scripted is true, still these provide me with a broader view of the bigger world where I live. It, in fact, helped me become analytical with events, driving me to search more until I could find explanations to information that I found confusing. This in the routine aroused my hunger for truth and knowledge, which I believed helped me become wiser and sharper. Although I did also have some ungracious experiences in the Internet, these did not bother me at all, instead taught me how to be more responsible and careful in interacting through the

Labor Productivity and Wage Rate in Different Countries Essay

prod Productivity and occupy Rate in Different Countries - Essay ExampleRelative pay in a received country is evaluated by dint of comparison with the wage in another country. Furthermore, the differences in countries patience productivity levels atomic number 18 a crucial determinant of their congenator wage differences. In this case, there is a ratio derived from the relative wages based on labor productivity levels in different countries. On the other hand, reduced productivity in a given country leads to a subsequent lower in wages. For instance, the wage rates in assorted countries relative to America are the same as their productivity relative America. Moreover, according to Nir (7), there is a positive relationship between the real wage and labor productivity, which is explained through the economic theory. at that placefore, holding other factors constant, workers output leads to increased compensation, which is increased wage rate.Workers in different countries most the world have been experiencing difficulties for the past decade. In fact, a global wage report from the International Labor Organizations indicated that growth of productivity exceeded the growth of real wage in numerous economies around the world for the full stop 1999 to 2007 (Economist.com, 1). For instance, the inflation reduced the purchasing power of worker with dormant wages in countries such as U.S and Japan. In this case, this left workers with significant problems despite the average growth of two percent in labor productivity during that period. In a country like Germany, the recession experienced during the year 2008 caused a decrease in the level of real wages, though there was an increase in the level of productivity (Economist.com, 1).There has been a more rapid increase in the level of labor productivity in various European countries compared to the rates of wages.

Research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Research Proposal ExampleIn this research I go away be using Alvesons situational approach theory as it will enable me get an in-depth view and perception on meaning of leadership sharing (Alvesson, 1997).My proposal event is situational analysis of sh bed leadership in a self managing team. This topic means that nigh people have no leaders at their engagementplace thus share leadership roles among themselves peculiarly in self managing teams (Hicks & Bone, 1990). The aim of this proposal is to identify how self managing teams define leadership in their work meetings and work plans. In addition, this proposal aims to show how self managing teams determine the direction of the whole team towards their tramp and also the self managing teams relationships, team identity and individuals team divisions identities. Furthermore, the proposal aims at identifying the constraints faced by self managing teams by different factors like hearty factors, gender, cultural backgrounds and et hnicity.Leadership is a very tricky affair especially for self managing teams as they are bound to be conflicts. However, according to Alvesson (1996), situational approach gives leadership the team accomplishment which does not follow the average of doing what the leader proposes (Alvesson, 1996). What makes this proposal interesting is the idea that leaders have always had a problem with leadership. at that place have been cases of suicides, failed projects, lost money and dysfunctional cases in many organizations. This negative situation befalls these companies because of their leaders and their leadership skills. In this proposal I will be doing a literature review, I will originate some research questions, discussing methods used, and a conclusive conclusion.The proposal research will take up to both months of research and two hours per day for the two months. I have narrowed my research to a especial(a) team of family run food joint. This

No Day of Triumph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

No Day of Triumph - Essay Example spot cosmos Ameri behind brings about an idea of inclusion and equality, being black creates a sense of being an outsider and being separated from the mainstream. This dichotomy means that African Americans have to deal with the perception of others as well as a self-perception that could be colored by how others see them.In this respect, relationships become scathing for the African Americans depict in the stories since family, the idea of being connected to family values and the need to pass on the family heritage to the children is very important for the characters. While family supports and shapes the African American identity, in some ways it can also be a hindrance to the personal liberty and drive of an individual who seeks a polar path. These act as the remnants of the slavery era in which freedom and being able to choose your want were not the options available to every African American.In fact, slavery also affects the viewpoints of wh ite and Caucasian individuals described in the story since the idea of whites being the masters and blacks being slaves continues to reside in the cultural subconscious mind of the southern states where the story takes place. Perhaps the worse situation is experienced by the Mulatto who is neither black nor certain by the whites as being a part of them. Even amongst African Americans, there is a level of awareness about being darker and thus more African than others and this difference is also reflected in the socioeconomic situation an African American can find himself in when the educated black person has to set up the burden of being better than others so that s/he can present a confirmative face for his/her race.These differences carry on with the love of religion which poor black people show in greater strength compared to those who are economically their betters. The

Respiratory Muscle Training for Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Essay

respiratory Muscle Training for Cervical Spinal Cord Injury - Essay ExampleSeveral articles would be used as a way of finding conclusive statement that would be aimed to be a solution to the several problems associated with patient with spinal cord injuries.The other methodology applied in develop of patient with spinal cord injury is use of simple breathing device. The effect of these devices would ensure improve respiratory function as a result of the increased strength of the expiratory muscles. The provision includes a repeated action by patients through the expiratory muscle discipline equipment with focuses being laid on the voluntary nature of the patients firearm in some instances the patients would need to endure a compulsory training session. The focus of the devices according to Roth et al(2010) the training that deploys a low resistance levels would result in improved pneumonic functions which are essential to patients with spinal cord injury. The article also por tend the effectiveness of the resistance training group as compared to the sham model of training The levels of cough according the article are an indication of the strength of the expiratory muscle which is subject to the training and improvement for the pulmonary functions. Both Silveira et al (2010) and Roth et al (2010) indicates two modes of training with both articles indicating a sitting position to be the preferred method while carrying out the training to people with spinal cord injuries. Roth et al (2010) indicate the effectiveness of the resistance training group as compared to the sham model of training.There is a relationship between trainer and the consequence to quadriplegic patients. The mode of training will involve inspirational training at low loads which would indicate the patient being subjected to conditions of about 30 percent of MIP (Silveira et al, 2010 P 317). The article indicates an improved 20% for the 8 weeks training period for sitting patient Upon at taining the required load

How the Macroeconomic Environment Affects Human Resource Essay Example for Free

How the Macroeconomic Environment Affects Human Resource EssayA micro purlieu is only if a midget surround deep eat the operations of a business in which there atomic number 18 specialized features that murder environment different from other(a) business environments. In essence, it is the nearby and surrounding factors that concern and determine this environment. These factors affect the ability of the company in ground of service provision. As a count of fact, it affects the supplies of the company, selling strategies, marketing intermediaries, public relations and general company operations. Generally, a business microenvironment refers to the factors or elements within a grouchy organization and its immediate area of operations that in one way or some other, has an effect on the performance of the company as well as the decision making processes of the company or business. character reference Cal14 l 1033 (Monroe 2014)These elements are among the general public , since they form the bulk of the market, the channels of distribution among others. At the end of the day, this environment is of much importance to the success of a business. This paper gives an in-depth analysis of the microenvironments and macro environments of supermarkets as well as wide awake companies thereby giving the empirical and theoretical relationships between the performance and of these business organizations as compared to their environments. The trump out strategy of analyzing the microenvironment of a business organization is done the SWOT technique in which one analyzes the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats within the company. character Sub07 l 1033 (Subrata Ghatak 2007)The Strengths of a Company great(p)ly determine the success of business organizations. The strength of a business organization give the axe be measured in terms of technological advancements, economies of scale as well as the availability of resources. The engineering scien ce of a brisk company determines the amount of their sales. For instance, high levels of technology for a active company would reduce the hail of point of intersectionion that a company incurs. Decrease in cost of doing s signify implies that the company makes super normal profits, that is, profits greater than zero. technology therefore gamblings a genuinely key role. Economies of Scale gift the same effect as well. Economies of scale simply imply to the companys or supermarkets market base. Companies that enjoy economies of scale lower their cost of production, thereby increasing their profit margins. Resource availability is excessively equally grave. As a matter of fact, the importance of availability of resources to any business organization can never be underestimated. Resource availability is could imply human, natural or financial resource. All these are the drivers of the business, both in a mobile company as well as for supermarkets. quotation Arv l 1033 (Arv il Van Adams n.d.)The weaknesses within an organization in addition determine its level of performance to a rattling large extent. What matters at the end of the day is how the supermarket or mobile company in question addresses the weakness that it faces in terms of operation. The intimately common weaknesses in either of these two enterprises are in terms of the prices, globalization and marketing. For mobile companies for instance, it is actually difficult to bugger off up with price floors owing to the products they produce. Generally, mobile phones are relatively expensive. As such, they are not the easiest products to market. globalization on the other hand, is important since it determines the market base and network of a business. Most mobile companies stick out done tremendously well in this graphic symbolicular area. CITATION Sub07 l 1033 (Subrata Ghatak 2007)Opportunities and Threats play a very crucial role in the microenvironment of a business organization. They either make or break the organization. The opportunities of supermarkets and mobile companies most of the time come as a result of collaboration. For instance, supermarkets can collaborate with the companies that they sell their products. It is through such strategies that supermarkets can easily give their clients discounts and offers. Discounts and offers are simply marketing strategies in which business organizations gain their customers. Mobile companies, on the other hand, can take advantage of their opportunities through collaboration with other electronic companies. For instance, they could collaborate with network service providers and as such use this platform to market their products. It is very important therefore, for a company to take advantage of whatsoever opportunity that comes their way. CITATION Les12 l 1033 (Leslie Hamilton 2012)A threat is another(prenominal) factor that is prevalent in the microeconomic environment of a business. There are various forms of thr eats that can affect the performance of a business. Threats may result from social, governmental or economic sources. However, common threats that mobile companies and supermarkets face are in relation to risks and uncertainties. Risks and uncertainties face almost every business and they could be in terms of price fluctuations, the risk of a technology becoming obsolete, market variations and so on. Competition is another threat that mobile companies as well as supermarkets have to deal with. It is a challenge that also comes an opportunity. Competition encourages organizations to come up with more advanced forms of technology for instance of mobile companies. Supermarkets, on the other hand, experience a lot of competition due to the homogeneity of products. CITATION Les12 l 1033 (Leslie Hamilton 2012)The next part of the paper gives an insight on the macroeconomic market. This market environment deals with broader economic issues such as inflation, unemployment, interior(a) inc ome and GDP. The Pestel model is the best analysis to use so as to examine this economic environment. The Pestel assessment essentially deals with the political environment, the environmental environment, the social, technological, economic and finally the legal environment that surrounds an organization. Basically, a macro environment defines the conditions that equal in the whole thrift as opposed to particular sections or regions in the economy. As such, this environment follows up the trends in the GDP market, monetary policies, fiscal policies, level of spending as well as employment. CITATION Dee06 l 1033 (Deepashree 2006) The political environment generally deals with the political factors that affect the performance of a business. governmental factors, more often than not, come with policies. The fiscal and monetary policies for instance, affect businesses to a great deal. This depends on whether they are expansionary or contractionary. The government of a country has co ntrol of most businesses. Another way through which political factors affect businesses is through the political environment of a country, that is, whether the political temperatures are favorable for investment. Political instabilities in a country greatly discourage investment. This affects both mobile companies and supermarkets since it raises the question of globalization. With high political temperatures, it becomes very difficult to explore global markets. CITATION Arv l 1033 (Arvil Van Adams n.d.)The environment, on its own affects the performance of a business. The environment of a business is basically determined by the climatic conditions. The climate, or weather, in this case, bequeath mostly affect a supermarket. As a matter of fact, there are goods whose remove rises with temperature. much(prenominal) goods are among electronic fans. Supermarkets are bound to experience increase in sale of such product in the hot weather. On the other hand, there are other products s uch as umbrellas whose demand is bound to increase with the onset of cold weather. As such, though to a small extent, environmental factors play a role as factors in the macroeconomic environment. CITATION Sub07 l 1033 (Subrata Ghatak 2007)Social and cultural factors have a major(ip) effect as elements in the macroeconomic environment. This segment affects the performance of a business through the traditions, customs and beliefs of a society. It also deals with the issue of aging. Aging has an indirect effect on the demand and append of a commodity. For the working population, when they age, they are paid handsomely in terms of pension. As a result, most of them might tend to spend more on luxury goods. This is how mobile companies get to benefit. The general utilization for this proportion of population increases and as such, this also affects supermarkets. The beliefs and attitudes of a population also determine the consumption example through tastes and preferences. CITATION C al14 l 1033 (Monroe 2014)Technological factors affect the operations and performance of a business to a very large extent. Technology has a direct effect on production costs. This is because high levels of technology imply less production costs. The relationship between technology and consumption is quite simple. Technology is a major factor of production, both for mobile companies and supermarkets. There is low demand of human resource with high levels of technology. This makes production relatively cheaper. The total cost of production reduces as well. The end result of this is that the profit margin increases. Technology may also become obsolete and this has a negative impact on the performance of the business. CITATION Les12 l 1033 (Leslie Hamilton 2012)Economic factors are the other factors that are prevalent in the macro environment of a business. to a lower place this umbrella lie major issues to do with inflation, unemployment, GDP, Per Capita Income and many others. These factors generally create an economic environment and have the same effect on mobile companies and supermarkets depending on their degree of severity. A highly inflated economy means that the general price level of goods be it in supermarkets or from mobile phone companies. As a result, such an economy does not encourage investment by either of the two enterprises. CITATION Dee06 l 1033 (Deepashree 2006)Legal factors these are legislations that affect the performance of a business. The quota system, for instance, is a legislation that affects the amount of imports. Narrowing down to mobile companies, they are affected by government policies to a very great extent. This is because their transactions principally involve signification and exportation of products. Most governments have extremely stringent laws and regulations. Governments are often very strict especially with the quality of goods they import. Moreover, with respect to supermarkets, governments may have very strict regu lations with regard to importation so as to promote local industries. Such issues affect the performance of companies to a very great extent. Taxes, which are stipulated by the government, are other pieces of legislation that both mobile companies and supermarkets have to come to terms with. From the above analysis, we can conclude that both the macro environment and the microenvironment have on the performance of a business, both positively. CITATION Arv l 1033 (Arvil Van Adams n.d.)Referencesl 1033 Arvil Van Adams, Robert S. Goldfarb, Terence Kelly. How the Macroeconomic Environment Affects Human Resource. n.d.Deepashree. microeconomic and Macroeconomic Environment. Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2006.Leslie Hamilton, Philip Webster. International Business Environment. Oxford University Press, 2012.Monroe, Calvin. An Analysis of the UK Mobile Environment. GRIN Verlag, 2014.Subrata Ghatak, Nige Healey, Peter Jackson. The Macroecoomic Environment. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2007.S ource enter

Art Therapy Essay Example for Free

contrivancework Therapy EssayI. Introduction, History, and businessArt speaks of originality, individuality, a creative execute, graphic materials, colors, textures, spontaneity, risk, alternatives, and imagination Therapy implies taking c be of, waiting, listening, mend, moving towards wholeness, growth kindle medicine, human ex reposition, sympathetic understanding (Fleshman and Fryrear, 1981, p.75), quoting from a research topic of Dr. Carol Lark of The Art sharpen in Missouri.So what then truly is Art Therapy?Art therapy is a form of psychological therapy that employs elegant media, non verbal communication, as its principal means of communication to help and cure patients, who argon piteous from traumatic experiences, mental or physical problems, and behavioral imbalance. Art media includes word picture or d defenselessing, photo image, sculpture, mud subterfuge, color ruse and another(prenominal) forms that showcase their feelings, moods, and maybe even show hidden talents or abilities that they be not aware of. But knobs who are in need of this therapy do not have to be skilled in the contrivances, for the main concern is not the aesthetics of the being but to cause change and growth in the aliveness of the client. Art therapy is a procedure administered by an nontextual matter therapist in a designated machination therapy room to bring ab by a successful result of the practice.The art therapist is a highly-trained and experienced professional whose skills are tested by a patient in a complex and difficult task to improve his/her well-being. They are well educated about human genius and development, psychological theories, clinical practice, spiritual, multicultural and chaste language and traditions, and the healing probabilities of art. Art therapist convenes with wad of either ages and kindly standing either in individual or group contexts.The art therapy room or creative vault of heaven (Case, 1992, p.19) is the pla ce where a triangular relationship (Case, 1992, p.19) is formed by the art put to work created, the patient or client, and the therapist. This kind of relationship is what makes art therapy different form other clinical practices of therapy. This arena is evaluate to be a place of security and of peace so that the right therapeutic edge is administered thoroughly and far better results are achieved.Art therapy was first coined by an artist named Adrian Hill who was practicing it with his terabyte patients at the King Edward VII Sanatorium in Sussex to recover from their illness. In its formative years in the United States, from the early 1930s through the middle 1950s, art therapy was dear by fine artists and art educators in medical, psychiatric and educational centers and facilities. Although the first post was established in 1946, early stages of the profession of art therapy were seen in the 1950s.There were debates and discussions whether it is to be considered a profession or an acceptable mode of therapy in psychology. by dint of the other disciplines, these are psychology, sociology, anthropology, physiology, aesthetics, and education, it later became kn avouch as a profession and was officially recognized in the health service in 1981. It became extensively distinguished from then on and is continuously expanding.Since art therapy is practiced by different therapists, it is rather a diverse career or clinical practice. However, despite the miscellany of work, I believe that art therapy improves/changes place of people who have psychological problems.II. Function/Significance of look forThis research is designed to further address the argument inside this kind of profession whether it is the art creation itself that serves as a healing mediator, whether it is the make itence of the therapist that uplifts the distraught, whether it is the art therapy place that serves as a ephemeral haven, or is it the overall comp unitynts of art therapy-the art, the therapist, and the therapy room- working together as a team to improve the gibe of the patient.It aims to present an understanding of art therapy as an effective psychotherapeutic glide path to patients and give them an idea of the carry on of this clinical practice. The discussion in the rationale page is an extensive talk about the real claims of art therapy as a healing appendage to psychologically-impaired individuals. It talks about the factors that comprise a sound art therapy session and the affirmation seen by therapists on their clients after the artistic experience is explored.This paper intends to introduce to the readers both the theory, applications, and practices of art therapy and gives them the imagination to discover the value of it through different work settings. There is as well as the judge to summarize the most important points and features of this kind of practice for understanding of new readers to this field.Although, the foremost object glas sive of this paper is to make people believe what they think is unbelievable in the arts and its purpose. To let them realize that healing is not merely a personal struggle if you let other people come into your life and show you the way to personal redemption.III. Rationale (explore the hypothesis)When Hill started to practice art therapy, he discovered that painting has two purposes for the patient it became a way to kill the time and it also provided them a medium to discontinue anxiety and trauma. Even in the most serious or aggravating situations in our lives, through artistic expressions we experience a sense of power and liberation our dignity and self-respect are stimulated by this creative activity as opposed to those who say that creative expression is a shallow approach to good health and well-being.History shows that self-repair and total transformation is achieved through the dominant force of art expression. Victims of disaster, tragedy, despair, or the daily dange rs of life respond to these kinds of cases with affirmations of care and love for each other due to the healing process of art therapy conducted in peaceful and safe places of free expression. Take for example the case of 9/11 terrorist attacks. During their time of grief, people gathered together to release the negative emotions and commemorate the loss of their loved ones. disdain the hatred and anger, compassion among them superseded every thing. Within the area of attacks, people offered flowers, prayers, songs, and presented memorabilia such as drawings, sketches, photo images of the victims.These are on-key examples of artistic expression, both the verbal and nonverbal medium that help the families and friends of the victims overcome the pain and trauma of losing a loved one. Psychological safety is a primary element of the healing environment (Kalmanowitz, 2005, p.xiv) because they are acrophobic to reveal themselves in places where they believe their artworks and actions w ill be mis still and shamed. In this tragedy, even though the towers were the targets of attacks, these people felt stop expressing their grief because primarily of the overflow of emotions encompassing the area. They felt that it was okay to pour out their pain, and they were not alone. Volunteer groups, either professional or non-professional clinicians, stood by them and comforted the down-trodden. But the process did not end there because survivors were involved in support group therapy that uses art as the basis of healing. either creation or image presented by the client signifies an emotion or thought, even the past, present, or rising phases of his/her life. Inner experience and feelings surface through the art process in a chaotic raw form. These art materials provide a concrete way through which the conscious and unconscious aspects of a person can be revealed. Art or expressive therapy grants an opportunity for the individual to discern the bad habits that puzzle confl icts within himself and conflicts with other people.Making the invisible visible is a major function of the art in art therapy (Lark, 2001, p.1). The object appears to the therapist as an extension of the clients self with a emblematical meaning yet to be understood by both of them. The object or image is sexual intercourse us a story. It opens opportunities to enter and read the human psyche. The making of an artwork encourages discipline and self-esteem, and requires heartyization within the confinements of the therapeutic sessions.The judgment and comprehension of the therapist is based on how the object is made and what art materials are used to complete the image. Therapists are expected to learn the underlying meanings of it since this was part of their education and practice. Therapists are expected to be sensitive people on matters of sensitivity of the clients mind and soul.Lets take another(prenominal) example designed by art therapy practitioners. The House-Tree-Person technique (Hammer, 1964, p.9) is one of the popular and widely-used psychoanalytical tasks used as an approach in art therapy. The House-Tree-Person technique requires the client to draw a house, a tree and a person on a white paper. This drawing or image evaluates how the client sees himself or herself in the world through the comprehension of the therapist. The branches of the Tree overextended upward or outward are interpreted by the therapist as the subjects over striving for success.Windows situated against the groin of the House, so the side of the House also serves as one side of the windows, represent feelings of lack of self-confidence. If in profile view, only one part of the person-for example, head or body- is shown, an elusive attitude in social affairs is projected. For deeply depressed patients, lack of complete details and use of very faint lines are a combination found in their works. A feeling of isolation, exposure, and helplessness in the face of environmental pressures is, on the other hand, seen in a line sloping downwards and away from the drawn whole.Meanwhile, art therapy with individual clients and groups should also be considered as to the clients presentation of his art. Individual client setting is requested when he/she feels more comfortable in creative expression if it is a direct one on one approach. Group therapy setting is rather joined by an individual if she feels profited by another persons warmth and physical closeness, which is based on the philosophy that man is a social being. However, group clients still break away from each other at some points and that has to be understood and patiently addressed by the therapist.IV. Methodology of look forThe methodology of research I used is mainly through the inductive technique or the collection of data and evaluation of results. Definition, background, historical context and other useful data were collated from resource books on art therapy and from the suppositions of clinic al practitioners of art therapy. Data collected were also taken from some research and background academic paper of art therapy professionals.The case try on on the 9/11 attacks were based on newspaper and television accounts, audio-visual and printed memories and notes of the tragedy by journalists. The concrete sample of House-Tree-Person technique was taken from an authors description. Most research details were gathered from the books and resource papers of authors Lark, Case, Kalmanowitz, and Hammer, carefully examined and understood.Although interviews were not taken, personal notes of motivation and daily observation on people around were also bases on this research. Motivational quotations were also extracted from the resources to define the drama of the whole healing process.V. Conclusion of ResearchArt therapy can be used with children, adolescents and adults in a wide variety of settings and applications. As an integrative therapy, it offers a necessary option for clien ts who may need an experiential, less verbally-driven approach. People in all walks of life bid to creative expressions, some may not even be aware that they are already expose to this activity, because of the lack of knowledge and help from professionals.There are national organizations in and outside America looking after the improvement or development of standards and training in art therapies. One is seen in clandestine offices or corporations, outpatient clinics and hospitals, community and rehabilitation centers, prisons, and schools or universities. They work with individual or group to paint, draw, or do other artwork and derive the importance of imagery used in their creations. These professionals and organizations work hand in hand with each other to bring about a better quality of service in art therapy for their craft and for the benefit of their clients.It has to be realized by the people around psychologically-problematic cases that healing does not only come from the successful art therapy sessions, but their support also contributes to the whole process that they necessity to achieve for themselves or for other people. Lest they forget that some of the causes of their depression, stress, trauma, and tensions come from their family and society.The successful interpretation of the art object by the therapist, the willingness of the client to open up to the therapist and to other people as well, the comfortable and secure setting of the therapy room, and the artwork itself be it aesthetically balanced or not, all of these components of art therapy are pertinent to the clients well being. The absence of one component means the incomplete and ineffective process of art therapy.Kalmanowitz (2005) also believed that the healing qualities of art relate to the total spectrum of the souls experience and that art therapys relevance is dependent upon its willingness to meet new challenges and go to places where troubles in the human condition exist ( p.xii). Friedrich Nietzsche also once said that unless we deal with our pain, we are truly lost.So much has been said to affirm the real nature of art therapy in personal and communal perspectives then and now. But one thing is for sure, art therapy and its relations with other disciplines will continue to develop in the future.Art therapy really changes/improves the attitude of people with psychological problems. We just have to look within ourselves and we might find the urge to help them we have to look again within ourselves and we might find ourselves needing the therapy for our own conscious and unconscious demons red us apart. In these difficult times, we are everyday faced with disconcerting situations where we are left in the middle of the struggle and we do not know how to fight back. These kinds of situations when treated with neglect, thrown away in the air as if it is nothing, are the ones that are dangerous to the human psyche.Do you want to see yourself spring in t he streets naked? Can you see one of your family members killing herself or himself? Would you like to see a world of deranged men acting as beasts? That is why God created us in his own image and likeness, for us to realize that we are made human beings to love and be loved just like he did.ReferencesCase, C. and Tessa Dalley. (1992). The Handbook of Art Therapy. New York Tavistock/Routledge.Fleshman, B. and Jerry L. Fryrear. (1981). The Arts in Therapy. Chicago Nelson-Hall.Hammer, E. (1964). The House-Tree-Person (H-T-P) Clinical Research Manual. New York Western Psychological Services.Hill, A. (1941). Art versus Illness. London George Allen Unwin.Kalmanowitz, D. and Bobby Lloyd. (2005). Art Therapy and Political Violence With Art, Without Illusion. London Bruner-Routledge.Killick, K. and pleasure Schaverien. (1997). Art, Psychotherapy and Psychosis. London Routledge.Lark, C. (2001). Art Therapy Overview An Informal Background Paper. Retrieved from http//www.art-therapy.com/ArtT herapyOverview.htm.Waller, D. (1993). Group Interactive Art Therapy Its Use in Training and Treatment. London Routledge

Democratic transitions in Armenia and Azerbaijan Essay Example for Free

Democratic enactments in Armenia and Azerbaijan chthoniantakeIntroductionArmenia and Azerbaijan, two cause Soviet Republics put single across since 1991 been lowgoing a political transition from an authoritarian administration to struggleds a participatory system. Ten eld afterward these transitions began, it is still question qualified whether these states shake off made anywheremuch progress. Aside from examining political, stinting and social re strains undertaken, it is besides important to consider the historical tradition of the domain, which can be a until nowtor in de terminal figureining what kind of government activity leave al adept emerge. Iran, Russia, and misfire have continuously had massive squargon up everyplace the area, thus in order to understand the work on of democratisation occurring it is unavoidable to psychoanalyze their outside policies. Since the collapse of the Soviet wedding much than a decade ago, the newly form s uccessor states have underg whizz many a nonher(prenominal) changes and transformations. Though the initial enthusiasm of change has long dissipated it is simply now possible to truly evaluate the veridical developments that have occurred in the newly separatist states (NIS) for the olden ten years. Perhaps one of the intimately telling domains that can be assessed, in the former Soviet empire, is the southern Caucasus, more specific ally the states of Armenia and Azerbaijan. This historically rich region, ripe with cultural tradition as hygienic as ethnic rifts in many ship canal exemplifies the transitions taking place finishedout the former Soviet Union. hitherto, it must be emphasized that the experience of these two republics is unique especially when flavor at the war they maintained with each other from 1992 to 1994. The intensity of the conflict amongst Armenia and Azerbaijan was one that has yet to be repeat by any of the other republics, thus reservation the South Caucasus a specificly interesting region to examine.Whereas an overview of the changes that were made at heart Armenia and Azerbaijan would show us a partial, if close towhat superficial understanding of the transition process, it is needed to go beyond that scope. With the plaque of the former Soviet republics as legitimate and indep shutdownent states in the of late 1990s a new wave of democratization began. Like most of the former republics, with the exception of Belarus and Turkmenistan, Armenia and Azerbaijan looked precedent to democratization.However as time passed the smooth transition from one regime to other began to f interpolate. Though many causes can be attributed to explain why democratization was not an immediate success deep down Armenia and Azerbaijan, such as political, economic and social conditions, not much attention has been given to external situationors which have hindered the democratization process. More specifically it is demand to loo k at the policies of orthogonal states and their impact on the establishment of a popular tradition. In other words, aside from domestic policies, are the policies of orthogonal countries influential in the democratization process?Therefore, I propose, in order to understand the exact impact of contrasted policies on Armenia and Azerbaijan, it is necessary to concentrate on the common chord major personal line of credit offices in the region, Iran, Russia, and Turkey. Historically all three states have had immense influence in the South Caucasus consequently, their interests have come to dominate the events unfolding in the region. fitly, examining the foreign policies of Iran, Russia, and Turkey is a necessity in the understanding of the democratization process, determining whether or not their foreign policies have helped or hindered this process.I suggest that, in command states, act in accordance to their interests, and in that locationfore taste to implement policies indoors their states that allow for uphold these interests. Hence, when looking at Armenia and Azerbaijan, in comparison to their neighbours, it is only born(p) that these neighbours would try to impose their influences on these two relatively weak states to advance their political, strategical and economic interests. gum olibanum demonstrating that while it is important to look at the domestic politics to understand the process of democratization, it is not ample to explain everything. Moreover, we can evidence that this is not a situation unique to Armenia and Azerbaijan but can be applied in most cases to newly in pendent states, or states undergoing democratization.Defining democracy and democratizationAt this time it is necessary to define some of the terminology in order to clarify what is organism implied by democracy and democratization. Democracy as a concept has in the past been define according to its origins and its goals, in other words, as a system that derives from the give of the people and seeks to achieve the common good or social justice.However, such a commentary is not easily proved and can easily give out to ambiguity where, after all, dictators can claim that they have received their power from the will of the people and they are in fact promoting the common good and social justice. Perhaps democracy can be defined within the framework of a procedural conception where decision devising over rules and policies are conjointly binding but over which the people still maintain control. Furthermore, within this system it is necessary that all members of the collectivity be assured of their equal rights in participating directly in this decision making process. In other words, democracy is the polar opposite oif a system of rule where the population is excluded from the decision making process and thitherfore has no control over it.Transitions happen when there is a split within the regime between the hardliners and softliners. This split causes the beginning of a bargaining process between the state and its reverse elite, thus prompting the transition within a modal pattern.Another important contract within democratization literature deals with the definition of democratic consolidation. It is necessary to distinguish causely the engagements between transitional democracies and consolidated democracies. In fact it woiuld be erroneous to take that states emerging from authoritarian regimes could be automatically called democratic just because its officials are popularly elected. In most cases these states are still missing some of the substantial elements of democracy,. Furthermore, they require the setting up and instutionalization of the new regime and its rules. Therefore it is important to realise that a transition from an authoritarian regime does not necessarily mean a transition to a democracy or democratic consolidation. In fact, it can be said that both processes are distinct involving separate actors, strategies and conditions. Consequently, earlier than simply undermining and authoritarian regime, democratic consolidation is more elaborate.The main role of democratic consolidation is to disengage the state of the remnants of the old regime which are incommensurable with the construction of democratic institutions and reinforcing rules. Therefore, a concise definition of democratic consolidation is when a states actors have agreed to abide by the democratic rules of the game and will not resort to using any other extra-democratic means to achieve their goals.The events leading to the collapse of the Soviet UnionThe collapse of the Soviet union did not occur overnight in December 1991. In fact, the fabric of Soviet society had been gradually unraveling for years. By the time Mikhail Gorbachev assumed leadership of the Soviet Union he was aware of that things coulds not continue in the same manner. In 1985, Gorbachev tried to introduce the reforms of quickening and inte nsification in relation to upgrading productivity. Thus by the end of 1985, perestroika (restructuring) and glasnot (openness) became the slogans of his administration. Perestroika emphasized a new font of bureaucratization, one which was much more in tune with the masses. In short, it was a way to change the boss wittiness prevalent in command regimes and to reorganize the system to accomplish it more efficient.Though Gorbachev actively utter of change in public, behind the scenes very littler was truly being done to change the system. The effusion of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor was a perfect example of this lack of change. Though the organization spoke of opennes, it took Gorbachev most three weeks to acknowledge the design of the catastrophe, at which point he did not give any flesh out on the effects of the explosion on agriculture, industry and the consequences on human lives. In sum, glasnost had failed because the brass itself was not completely commited to it. Perestroika too suffered a similar fate seeing as not much was being actually done to restructure the system.From 1987 to 1988, Gorbachev introduced five new economic reform which were designed to help the fledging Soviet economy. In January 1987, he introduced quality control inspectors in order to make sure that the quality of Soviet goods would be improved from their well known substandard level. In other words, emphasis was going to be put more on quality than quantity. The following month, he launched a new wage indemnity where an individual worker would be rewarded for an above average performance.Gorbachev then set about decentralizing the oversight of enterprises requiring that they administer their own finances, in order to make them profitable. Those who did not meet the standard were to be close down down. On May 1st 1988, Gorbachev allowed for the limited opening of private enterprises. Lastly in opulent 1988, he initiated a new agricultural insurance insurance c onstitution where farmers would be allowed to rent land from the state, and to purchase the necessary equipment. However with the deregulation of enterprises, the prices of goods inexorably went up, causing discontentment within the population. Gradually the government saw all of its reforms each criticized for being too radical or not being reformist enough.Concurrently, in the republics nationalists movements had begun to emerge revealing, in some areas, widespread anti- Russian displaceiments. One such outburst ocurred in December 1986 in Alma Ata in Kazakhastan, however, Gorbachev choose to ignore the riot thinking that it was an abnormality. By 1998 and 1989 other outbreaks occurred, as a direct moment of the added put outdom of glasnost. All of a sudden Armenians were demonstrting on the streets of Yerevan, the capital city of Armenia, demanding for the transfer of the Armenian enclave of Nagorno Karabagh which was under control of Azerbaijan. The Baltic republics began to claim their independence from the Soviet Union, stating that their annexation in 1939 with the Molotov- Ribbentrop pact was unlawful.Ethnic turmoil aslo erupted without the rally Asian republics, in Moldavia, and in Georgia. Nevertheless(prenominal), in the face of such unrest, the Gorbachev government tarryed more often than not ineffectual, demostrating that it was unable to cope with the changes ocurring throughout the Soviet Union.The final blow to the Soviet Union came in August 1991 when conservative forces within the Communist party, unhappy with the reforms and the new union treaty, put Gorbachev, who was vacationing in the Crimea, under house arrest in an attempt to seize power from him. Through the coup attempt was unsuccessful, it was clear Gorbachevs central administration was quite impotent, leaving room for the assertion of power by the republics, in particular the Russian republic and its leader Boris Yeltsin. For the remaining months, Grobachev tried in vain to regain control. Nonehtless, one after the other starting with the Ukraine, each republic voted for independence. By the end of the month the Soviet Union no longer existed.Reforms and Changes in Armenia and AzerbaijanWith the end of the Soviet Union, fifteen new republics emerged, each trying to find a way to cope with this newfound freedom. Slowly, the international community recognized the republics as independent and sovereign states. Consequently, most of them publicly announced that they would choose democracy as their form of government, in order to become ripe members of the international community and play by the rules of the game. Armenia and Azerbaijan from the beginning have gotd that they would democratize. They would adopt rules and regulations that would promote institutions of democracy. They would have free elections, and institute liberal market economies. In other words, they would eradicate the old soviet system and absorb liberal demcocracy. Needless to say, it did not quite occur that way, nor has it been so easy.Considering the fact that even before the insurrection of the Soviet Union Armenia and Azerbaijan were in the midst of an ethnic war with each other, it is not surprise that the actual process of democratization in these countries is tentative and at times very dim. The years of conflict have left the local economies of each state weak, with widespread infrastructural damage and large refugee problems. Moreover, due to the conflict and general instability of the region, foreign investment has been scarce. In other words, democratization has taken a back female genitals to survival.However this is not to say that there have been no developments. When looking at electoral patterns as an indication of democratization it is possible to observe that Armenia and Azerbaijan, since 1991 have had elections, with a somewhat stable change in the government of Armenia in 1998. There had been somewhat controversial elections two years e arlier, in 1996, when the incumbent oresident Levon Ter Petrossian ban the major opposition party, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. In 1998, after much discontent over the resolve of Nagorno Karabagh issue, Ter PEtrossian resigned. The elections of 1998 were not perfect, in fact observers sent by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) state many abnormalities. However, since these elections, there have been noted improvements in the conducting of the May 1999 Parliamentary election and the October 1999 municipal elections.Nevertheless, the process of democratization did suffer a significant blow when five armed men entered the National crowd in October 1999, killing the Prime minister, the speaker of the National Assembly and six other deputies. Furthermore, most late Armenia has been criticized for media censorship when it recently closed down a non-government funded television channel. This is not the first time the Armenia rsorts to step in th e media. Before the 1996 elections, then President Ter Petrossian shut down many of his oppositions media outlets.In comparison, elections in azerbaijan have been less successful, with constant widespread irregularities. This is further emphasized by the fact that the current president o Azerbaijan, Heidar Aliev, came to power in less than democratic circumstances, and has used the constitution several times to extend his tenure. For example, in set for the 1998 presidential elections, electoral laws were modified, the media was under strict censorship, in other words, everything was done to make sure Aliev was reconfirmed as President. Needless to say corruption and nepotism are not unusual in Azerbaijan. This trend has been reinforced by the Aliev government which has taken to he practice of assigning extended family members to important government or business positions. For example, Alievs brother is in comportment of the State Oil Corporation of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Soc ar), which is the enterprise in charge of most of the oil source in the Caspian sea.Democratization as a foreign policyIn recent years, a debate among academics has been at the forefront of the study of post communist transitions, evaluating whether they can be compared with other transitions to democracy. Though it is necessary to state that there are some differences in the process, however that does not mean that they cannot be compared. Even though post communist states face different challenges, there is a similarity when evaluating the influence of a foreign state.At this point it is necessary to discuss some of the challenges approach by former Communist states. Though the debate on the comparability of the democratization process of former communist states and other authoritarian states is still ongoing, it would be unwise to believe that there are no differences in the transition process. Nevertheless, differences do not mean that each of the processes cannot be compared, on the contrary, differences along with similarities make the research much more dynamic. Indeed what makes transitions from communism unique from from all other forms of authoritarianism is the fact that it is a transition from Communism. Thus raising the question of how are they different? It is often stated that one of the distinguishing factors of post communist transitions is the rise of ethnic conflict. From 1989 to 1991 three countries broke up causing ethno-territorial conflicts.The main inseparable impediments faced by post communist societies in their transition can be traced to the social and economic legacy of communism. Aside from the foreign policy of other countries, those states in transition had to deal with eighty years of perverted trendrnization. Even though under communism Russia became a modernized, highly industrialized, urbanized and literate society, the fact remains that the regime tried to undermine the human ability for autonomous action. This is most translucently reflected in the transition to a liberalized market economy, where the concepts of preoperty and originality are essential.Clearly, there is a strong correlation between the establishment of democracy and the growth of a market economy. However, with the destruction of the notion of private property, the notion of personality was also ruined. The loss of personality and property systematically erased the conception of freedom as natural and alienable. It is imperative to acknowledge that it was not only the capacity for acting autonomously that was affected but also the ability to think freely and with innovation. Furthermore, Communism also annihilated the idea of social responsibility, which is a necessity in a democratic regime. Consequently, during transitioin and democratization in communist states, it is not only necessary to change the actual regime, but it is also crucial to change the social consciousness, in order to change the conception of property and res ponsibility which are inherent to a healthy market economy.Returning to the issue of foreign influence, it would be wrong to assume that only states in the process of transition can be affected by the foreign policy of other actors, indeed, to a certain degree, all states are susceptible to foreign policies, but this is most obvious in states undergoing regime changes. In fact, when comparing to other factors, the study of foreign policy as an influence on transitions to democracy reamins mostly controversial and understudied. Most scholars of regime change, in particular, of democratization, have focused on other means of explanation. This does not mean that the importance of the foreign policy should be disregaderd. Perhaps, this is an indication that more time should be accorded to its study. One author on the topic has determined three evident ways that foreign actors impact the transition of another state. The first level described is the influence on the socio-economic struct ures, in other words, activism, social and cultural cleavages, and economic concentration, dispersion, and inequality.The second level consists of outright domination of state over another through the means of foreign policy. As a result, it is the politics of another state that determines the type of regime which emerges, democratic or authoritarian. Needless to say, this type of influence is quite rare, though there are some outstanding examples. Following the end of the Second World contend, Germany, Austria, and Italy were quickly imposed democratic forms of government by the victorious Allies, specifically the United States, Great Britain and France. In contrast, Czechoslovakia and Poland were imposed authoritarian regimes by the Soviet Union. Another type of complete domination can also be colonialism or even the lineage of territories of one state over another state.The third level deals directly with how foreing policy can alter choices available to a state in transition, therefore the type of regime adopted will to some extent depend on what kind of influence the foreign actor excercises. In 1989, with the crumbling of the Berlin Wall, eastern European states, one after the other declared their rejection of the communist regime and adopted a pro- democratic stance. The reason for that can be attributed to this change, following the line of thinking presented above, is with the end of the old regime, the influence of western European foregin policy on eastern Europe, democracy and democratization seemed to be the only viable choice.The influence of Persian, Russian and Turkish foreign policy on Armenia and AzerbaijanAt this point, it is necessary to examine the specific foreign policies of the three mos influential countries in the Caucasus and their effects on Armenia and Azerbaijan. As stated earlier the different policies pursued by Iran, Russia and Turkey have a tremendous impact on the transition to democracy of Armenia and Azerbaijan due to th e spirit of the transactionhip with each other. Consequently, the policies practiced by one state will undoubtedly affect another this is especially true when examining the susceptibility of Armenia and Azerbaijan in comparision to their powerful neighbours. Moreover, this influnce extends beyond the political realm, affecting economic dealings as well as social structures.a) The foreign policy of IranEven though the interest of Iranian foreign policy in the Caucasus is a product of the end of the acold War, there are historical and ethnic reasons behind this current concern. The Russo-Persian wars of the 19th century had effectively removed Persian influence from the region however it did leave behind a significant consequence. By signing the Treaty of Turkmenchai in 1828, Persia gave up all claims to territories north of the Araxes River, permanently severing the lands inhabited by the Azerbaijani. With the fall of the Iron Curtain that division was not quite as important any more, therefore possibly influencing the social balance of Iran.Indeed the mass of ethnic Azerbaijanis do not live in Azerbaijan, rather they live in Northern Iran, making up a population of roughly 15 to 20 million. In comparison, in the republic of Azerbaijan, there is approximately a population of 8 million Azerbaijanis. Therefore, it is not surprising that in 1991, after Azerbaijan became an independent state, there were demands on both sides of the border for unification, thus making the government of Tehran, the Iranian capital, very nervous. However, chat about unification, soon faded when the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the region of Nagorno Karabagh intensified.Azerbaijan was in no position, financially and politically to absorb the influx of migrants or to begin a process of unification.The iranian government began to give importance to the conflict. This was largely due to the fact that many Azerbaijanis fleeing the conflict began to take refuge in Yankee I ran. Moreover, with the intensification of the conflict between the Armenians and the Azerbaijanis, the whole region was beginning to destabilize. Iran was worried that perhaps there would be a spill over effect, maybe even mobilizing its own Azerbaijani population. Another reason for concern was the ontogeny influence of Turkey. It was no secret that with the end of Communism, Iran and Turkey were actively vying for positions of influence in the Caucasus, mainly because of the issue of Caspian oil.Initially, Iran tried to mediate between the two faction in 1993 it even sponsored the first ceasefire agreement between Armenia and Azerbaijan, however it soon became obvious that this effort would fail. At that point, Iran no longer actively participated in the talks process, however it did continue to pursue its national interests. In order to avoid any long term separatist movement, Iran sought to support the Armenian faction. Though it strongly adherer to the principle of territori al integrity, Iran at every opportunity sustained the Armenian war effort, in hopes of retention some measure of control over Azerbaijan and any nationalist claims.By 1994, the focus of Iranian foreign policy shifted to the matter of the division of the Caspian ocean and Caspian oil. In an unprecedented move, Iran and Russia, seeing themselves being gradually left out of the Caspian oil deals, began to collaborate on the issue of dividing the Caspian Sea. Also, through the intermediary of Armenia, Iran initiated bilateral and trilateral meetings with Russia signing cooperation accords. Azerbaijan and Turkey did not view these as gestures of friendship, rather they saw them as potential threats. It must be said that dealing between Iran and Azerbaijan remain quite tense. Irans continued economic and political support of Armenia remains a bone of contention for Azerbaijan.b) the policy of RussiaWith the end of the Soviet Union in December 1991 and the subsequent emergence of fifteen independent republics a new era of foreign policy began on the Eurasian continent. In regards to the three states of the Caucasus, that is to say Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, Russias foreign policy was quite clear. The Caucasus, for Russia, is an integral part of its policy realm.By the final years of the Soviet Union, during the Gorbachev administration, Soviet foreign policy changed dramatically, culminating in the abandonment of Eastern Europe, the dissolution of the Warsaw pact and then the end of the frigidness War. Nonetheless, when comparing turn of the century Russian foreign policy with its current counterpart, it becomes evident that little has changed. The Caucasus, in other words, Armenia and Azerbaijan, play a significant role in Russian national security.When looking at Russian foreign policy in Armenia and Azerbaijan, there are specific issues that need to be examined in order to comprehend Russias poisition and its foreign policy, such as, ethnic conflicts, ter riorial integrity, and military bases. Like Iran and Turkey, Russias foreign policy towards Armenia and Azerbaijan has been dictated by the Nagorno Karabagh conflict. As part of its foreign policy concept, Russia is quite serious about keeping territorial integrity intact.Of course this is in their best interest considering the problems it has in the Northern Caucasus with the Chechens. The fact is that if they do give any chance to the possibility of altering borders this would give added incentive to separatist groups within Russia to declare their own independence. Therefore, it is clearly stated in their foreign policy that territorial integrity is a non transportable element. In fact, Russia supports a diplomatic resolution to the conflict through the auspices of the OSCE. Though some critics would say that Russias intentions in this conflict were in general biased towards the Armenian faction, due to the fact that the Armenian government repeatedly enlisted Russian military s upport in its conflict with Azerbaijan.Another aspect of the Russian foreign policy is the presence of its military bases in Armenia. Though this does not directly affect Azerbaijan, seeing as the bases are not near its shared bordder with Armenia, it does however affect relations between Armenia and Turkey. In essence the presence of the Russian military is there to reinforce its position in the Caucasus, making sure that uncomplete turkey nor Iran for that matter, become too influiential. However the fact that there are Russian military installations on Armenia territory says much about the relationship between the two states. Armenia has become politically and economically dependent on Russia, and with military presence it also indicates a strategic presence it also indicates a strategic dependence. In contrast, Russias relation with Azerbaijan has long been strained, and has further disintigrated as Azerbaijan has aligned itself more closely to turkey.c) The Foreign policy of TurkeyUntil the collapse of the Soviet regime, Turkish foreign policy had little concern for its eastern neighbours. sooner its attention focused its relation within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Cold War environment, as well as its accession to the European Union (EU) In other words, Turkey was largely preocupied with the West and securing a definite position within that context.The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War dramatically changed that role. Turkey found itself along with Nato at a crossroad, trying to re-evaluate its relevance in the new global framework. Simultaneously, with the establishment of the fifteen newly formed republics of the former Soviet Union, Turkey was able to begin a new era in its foreign policy making, which was widely supported form within Turkey as well. Thus, Turkey sought to establish closer relationships with its ethnic brethren in the Caucasus and Central Asia.With the 1990 rejection of the Turkish accession by The European Community and the end of the the cold war, Turkey had to adapt its foreign policy to reflect the current context. The first step in the process was the recognition of independence of the Azerbaijani republic on November 9th 1991, nearly a full month before it recognized the other republics. By supporting Azerbaijan, Turkey was asserting its newly found interest in the region, making sure that not one country would become the dominant influential power.Aside from the political aspects of Turkeys policy towards Azerbaijan, it is necessary to examine the economic aspects. Since the signing of the cease- fire between Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1994, The Nagorno Karabagh conflict has taken a backseat in the relations between Azerbaijan and Turkey to give way to the Caspian Oil isse. Turke has actively participated and invested in the construction of pipelines and oil extraction consortiums. In fact, it is now one of the major investors in the Azerbaijan Internati onal Oil Company (AIOC). Moreover, Turkey has greatly invested in a new oil pipeline stretching from Baku to the Mediterranean port of Ceyhan, which will become the main mode of transportation of Caspian oil to the rest of the world. Thus it can be said, that relations between Azerbaijan and Turkey, in the future will have a much more economic slant.In contrast with Azerbaijan, relations between Armenia and Turkey are much more difficult. In fact, one could even say that relations between Armenia and Turkey are at best hostile, barely tolerant of one another.Nevertheless, despite the political hostility, in the las five years, Turkey has begun to penetrate the Armenian economic market through the export of goods, such as foodstuffs, machinery and construction materials. Though the exports, for the most part are not sent directly to Armenia, they usually arrive by way of Georgia, there is a growing recognition within the Turkish government and the Armenian government that economicall y it is in their best interests to cooperate. Turkish willingness stems from the fact that its eastmost province of Kars, which shares border with Armenia, is suffering from large population decrease and general underdevelopment.ConclusionWith the end of the Cold War the dynamics of the republics of the former Soviet Union were completely changed. Immediately they were faced with a choice, either to adapt to the new world or desperately try to maintain the status quo. Initially, despite their difference Armenia and Azerbaijan seemed to be willing to democratize. However with the regional instability this process of democratization has been slow to progress.Though there are many theories that try to explain the process of democratization and preconditions necessary for that process of democratization has been slow to progress.Though there are many theories that try to explain the process of democratization and the preconditions necessary for that process, recent efforts have tried t o explain why transition occurs in one area as oppose to another area. Though there are some similarities, the categorization of types of transition, such as transitions through transaction, transitions through extrication, or transition through regime defeat, the main point of contention deals with the historical legacy of the regime. According to some academics, the historical legacy of a former authoritarian regime is what determines the type of democratization that will take place. There is no direct link between prior regime type and the mode of transition in relation to the prospects of democracy.Therefore when looking at the transitions of Armenia and Azerbaijan, though the old Soviet regime may determine to some degree what will happen in the process of democratization, there is not pre-established mold. In fact one of the elements that can have an influence in the process is the impact of the foreign policies of other states. In other words, for Armenia and Azerbaijan, dem ocratization will be influenced by the foreign policies of Iran, Russia, and Turkey, due to the extent of authority the exercise in the region

The factors a manager needs to consider in order to evaluate the effectiveness of a work team Essay Example for Free

The factors a four-in-hand ask to consider in order to evaluate the utileness of a bailiwick police squad Essay plow the factors a theater director needs to consider in order to evaluate the returniveness of a oeuvre team. Give examples to brook your choices.As go bad righttings constitute more than(prenominal) complex, it is imperative for managers to identify the increasing splendor of team- on the job(p) throughout the organisation and to consider the consequential factors peaking to practice team efficiency.According to Cane, (1996) cited by Mullins, (2005) a team is seen as a host of individuals who have a strong common mean and work towards that purpose rather than individually, and be committed to deliver tangible performance results. The following assignment provide comprise of knowledge that will analyse the evaluative measures that a manager requires in order to value the effectiveness of a work team, and will complicate supportive literature containing arguments for and against whether team-working is effective, and will enable a conclusive decision to be made.It is common for the term groups and teams to be used interchangeably although teams be much described more in the formal and specific work context. There are various types of groups which include Formal/Informal groups, reference groups, social groups, professional groups and societies. Formal groups are used mostly in the working environment where there is a specific task to be achieved with set objectives.As an proterozoic theory of team effectiveness, Elton Mayo (1880-1949) cited by Business Review (1997) was a follower of F.W. Taylors scientific approach to caution but was of signifi faecal matterce that the work he conducted (The Hawthorne Experiment in the 1920s) disproved the theories of F.W. Taylor. From Mayos work came the human relations approach to management which discovered (amongst other factors) that the workers studied became more viscous as a group and spontaneously began to work co-operatively as a team and wherefore change magnitude productivity. Since these findings, managers of firms began to use team-work as a tool to increase productivity and also found that the motivation of workers change magnitude as result of human fundamental interaction.Team-working is crucial in todays society due to such(prenominal) fierce competition from other firms within their market on factors such as productivity, quality, innovation and technology, which requires the incorporated in put downs of individuals all(prenominal) with distinguishable abilities and skills to provide the desired product or development. This is related to the later work of Meredith Belbin (1926-) who set out factors to determine what made a good team combination. Of these factors, it was the team-roles scrutinize that became famous and of increasing grandeur to firms who adopted the theory. Belbin identified that, within a team, particular individua ls could take on specific roles. The blend of these roles has a crucial influence on the effectiveness of the team. There are nine team-roles altogether described by Belbin, (1993) and cited by Mullins, (2005557).These are The Plant who is creative and solves difficult problems, the Resource investigator who explores opportunities and develops contacts, the Co-ordinator who clarifies goals and promotes decision making, the Shaper who has the courage to overcome obstacles, the Monitor-Evaluator who is strategic and sees all options, the Team worker who is co-operative and perceptive, the Implementer who turns the ideas into practical actions, the Completer who searches out for errors and omissions, and the Specialist who provides knowledge and skills that are in rare supply.Teams thus require a balance of these assorted characteristics in order to compose an effective and functional team in the workplace. However, it is inevitable that non all firms good deal adopt this invento ry due to the fact that the team may not consist of nine people, or the members may not have the necessary characteristics to make up each of the nine roles. Some members of the team are hence required to fulfil the missing roles which may not be relevant to their characteristic or disposition which makes the theorys effectiveness subject to the organisation and its members.Taskforces, project teams and committees are all key elements in the modern workplace and use modern day management approaches to practices such as empowerment, quality circles, derive quality management and how groups manage change. Using these group techniques, the manager can identify the effectiveness of a team by the quality and productivity rate at which the product is developed which makes the organisation more profitable than their competitors. Mullins, (2005).Quality control, improvement and assurance involve methods of team-working including cell-production where employees work as a team to get up a unit or product and use self-checking as a method of inspection beforehand problems arise. In some cases such as factory work, cell-production can relieve monotony because there is interaction with other colleagues a dogged with an element of empowerment because teams have control over their work. Job rotation can be used as a tool to prevent repetition which provides job enlargement and multi-skilling. This can consequently improve motivation and productivity leading to higher profits for the firm.According to Willis, (2001) there are seven key elements that are essential to high-performance work teams which consist of Commitment, contribution, communication, co-operation, conflict management, change management and connections. To compete effectively, managers/leaders must design a network to consist of these factors along with skilled employees who support each other in the achievement of corporate goals.However, according to Mullins, (2005) as a group or team increases in size, problems start to arise regarding communications and co-ordination. Large groups are difficult to of importtain and often require a high level of supervision or a strong team leader. When a group is over-sized there is usually an increased level of absenteeism and the group may become split into small groups or sub-groups which may lead to competitiveness and friction within the company. A manager must therefore evaluate what size of group would be best suited and more beneficial for the company which has liberal members to generate innovative ideas but not so many that it begins to cause friction. Jay, (1975) cited by Mullins (2005) states thatThe size of a group will depend upon other variables, but it seems to be generally accepted that cohesiveness becomes more difficult to achieve when a group exceeds 10-12 members.Different personalities and interests within the group may serve to balance each other, but on the other hand, they may conflict and cause disruption within th e group. considerably group relationships take time to develop and so consequently, the longer the employees have been a member of the group, the more likely they are to be able to gel together and produce a cohesive and effective team.A high round turnover would have an adverse effect and reduce the morale of the team and potentially the whole workforce. The manager therefore needs to be able to recruit employees that are likely to stay with the organisation for the foreseeable future. This however would be difficult to predict due to the fact that you cannot sample a potential employee on their first impressions. Bass and Ryterband, (1979) cited by Mullins, (2005) states that group development and maturity occurs in four distinct stagesMutual acceptance and membership communication and decision making motivation and productivity and control and organisation.An alternative and perhaps more popular model devised by Tuckman, (1965) cited by Mullins, (2005) identifies four main st ages of group development and relationships forming, strorming, norming and performing. Tuckman believes that these are the life cycle stages that a group travels through before they become an effective team. Stage one is forming. This process occurs when there is the initial formation of the individuals who identify the purpose of the group and decide individual roles and responsibilities.The second stage storming is the process of when the members of the group become more familiar with each other and start generating ideas and put forward their views and opinions and make agreements on more meaningful structures and procedures. Stage trinity known as norming is when members begin to co-operate more in order to plan, agree standards of performance and fulfil the purpose of the group. The final stage is performing when the group has progressed successfully through the earlier stages of development and produced a mother wit of cohesiveness to work effectively as a team. At this st age the group can go through the purpose of the task and objectives. It is now that the group is likely to be the most effective.When evaluating the effectiveness of a work-team, the manager must also consider the possible inadequacies and functional errors of the team. These may include factors such as pass too much time talking rather than doing this may either concern a word or conflict about the task objectives and strategies/ideas to achieve the objective, or merely a social intelligence that has no effect on the task at hand. Although it is important for groups to communicate well, there may be a question of balance. Either discussion could be non-productive wasting valuable time and money and consequently could lead to an ineffective team that decreases profits for the company.There can also be an adverse effect on the business if a group or team works together for too long because the idea of groupthink can occur. Janice, (1982) defines this as a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgement that results from in-group pressures. As a result, this can lead to non-productive work because the group can just drift along towards decisions and not produce new ideas or use their initiative. To avoid this happening, the manager of the company should perhaps rotate members of different groups around to stimulate new ideas. However, by introducing new members to groups could cause conflict within the different teams which would not be beneficial for the company.According to Mullins, (2005) the characteristics of an effective work group should exhibit a belief in shared aims and objectives a sense of commitment acceptance of group values and norms a feeling of unwashed trust and dependency full participation by all members a free flow of information and communications the open expression of feelings and disagreements the resolution of conflict by the members themselves and a lower level of staff turnover, absenteeism, accidents, e rrors and complaints. A manager should take all of these factors into consideration when evaluating their work teams and should talk to their employees about whether they feel at ease within the team and are able to contribute freely to discussion without being rule out by others more forcible members.In conclusion, it is evident after research that team working is much more beneficial to an organisation than individual input because it generates higher production levels and the collaboration of different ideas can often produce much more desired results. Team working is also honour in the sense that it increases the motivation of the workforce due to human interaction which may also lead to increased productivity and consequently increased profits. We have learnt from Belbin, (1993) that individuals within work teams/groups suit different roles, and when put together, can produce very effective work teams.However, the performance of work teams will be mostly determined by the ch aracteristics of its members meaning what works well for one team may not work well for another. The team is also affected by the tasks to be undertaken, the nature of the technology and the organisational environment. A manager therefore needs to take all these factors into consideration when assessing and evaluating the effectiveness of a work team. Managers have to impute responsibility to the team members leading to empowerment and job satisfaction. The manager can then judge the effectiveness of the team by the outcome of the task set. Improvements can perhaps be made to the team through the use of group training and development which may provide a more effective work team.BibliographyBass B. M. and Ryterband, E. C. (1979) Organisational Psychology 2nd ed. Allyn and BaconBelbin, R. M. (1993) Team roles at work, Oxford Butterworth-HeinemannCane, S. (1996) Kaizen strategies for winning through people, Pitman PublishingJanis, J, L (1982) Groupthink, 2nd ed. Houghton MifflinJay, A . (1975) Corporation Man, PenguinMayo, E. (1880-1949) Elton Mayo Revisited Management Gurus, Business review, February 1997Mullins, L. J. (2005) Management and organisational behaviour, 7th ed. Essex Pearson Education LimitedTuckman, B. W. (1965) increase sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, vol.63, pp 384-99Willis, S. (2001) 7 keys to building great work teams cited 29th Nov 2004 usable from http//www.stickyminds.com/sitewide.asp?ObjectId=2769