Macbeth Blood Essays -- Essays Papers

Macbeth Blood Blood is essential to every human beings survival. It is a fluid circulating passim the body that carries nutrients and oxygen to the tissues in exchange for life and if this was somehow lost then the life would also be lost. It represents life, death, and injury. It is an essential part of life. Without it, we would not live. As a symbol and major theme in Macbeth, Blood is used most often to represent injury and death, but also life. In Macbeth, he uses tune to represents impurity. Shakespeare often accompanies the image of water with the image of blood. The water represents cleansing and purity.Imagery is any piece of language that provokes the readers mind to form a noetic picture or image. Shakespeares plays are well known for the richness of their imagery. Macbeth in particular has numerous vivid examples. Macbeth is also particularly rich in repeated images, such as the image of blood. In the beginning of the story, blood is symbolic of toleratery, ho w he fought bravely, and how he won. Bloodshed for a noble cause is untroubled blood. However, Macbeths character changes throughout the play. The changes are characterized by the symbolism in the blood he sheds. As these images of blood occur frequently, they often portray the horror of the substitution action, Duncans murder. The brilliant images of blood and water also symbolize the unrelenting guilt of the two protagonists, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The blood and water represents their inability to erase the depot of Duncans murder. The blood of King Duncan clings to their hands and makes them unable to forget the repulsive crimes they committed. In the beginning, blood is used to show bravery. For brave Macbeth--well he deserves that name--Disdaining fortune, with his brandishd steel,Which smoked with fucking(a) execution, (I, ii, 18-20) This passage is revering to Macbeths braveness in which his sword is cover in the blood of the enemy. After these few references to honor, the symbol of blood now changes to show a theme of fraud and treason. Before Duncans murder, Macbeth imagines seeing a dagger floating in the air before him. He describes it, And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, Which was not so before. Theres no such thing It is the bloody business which informs Thus to mine eyes. (II, i, 57-60) ... ...ain Than terms can give thee out (V, viii, 8-10) Macbeth and Macduff then engage in a defend to the death with Macduff eventually emerging victorious. After Macbeth is slain, the symbolic theme of blood swings back to what it was at the beginning of the play. Macduff presents Macbeths bloody head to the crowd and to the clean King of Scotland, Malcolm, and the people rejoice. The death of Macbeth is honored and the symbolism of blood has returned to its original meaning the bloodiest are the ones most honored. Macduff is congratulated as he proudly walks in covered with blood and with Macbeths head. Ironic ally, it was blood that brought Macbeth to power and blood that brought him to death. The play successfully illustrates the complete transformation of Macbeth. He begins as a noble, a just and brave person, to becoming evil, ambitious, and treacherous, to his final feelings of remorse for his crime. Throughout the play, Shakespeare effectively conveys theme of death, murder and treason through the symbol of blood. The reader understands the meaning Shakespeare is trying to convey. The symbol of blood in Macbeth is an effective symbol that is used well.

Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. :: essays research papers

To inspire a shared vision you must have certain qualities. You have to make a shared sense of fatality with people. You have to give life to that vision, and you have to make it appeal to the masses. These are only a few ways to recruit other people to your beliefs. Rev. Dr. Martin Luther nance Jr. was capable of these things and he inspired millions of people worldwide.Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents were the Reverend King and Mrs. Martin Luther King. He had a baby and a brother. As a child he would meet in his front yard with two white boys. The boys father owned a oecumenic store in the neighborhood, so naturally they k natural each other since they were small. One day, the King children went to the store to meet the boys, but that day was different. The boys said that they werent allowed to play with black kids. This was Martin King Jr.s first encounter with segregation. He didnt understand it, but once he did, he swore t hat he would modification the world.King buried himself in studies to be as well educated as possible. At the age of 15, King graduated Booker T. Washington game School and was accepted into Morehouse College. After graduating college he went to Crozer Theological Seminary. He joined the Baptist Ministry on February 25, 1948 when he was 19 years old. In 1951, he was accepted to capital of Massachusetts University. While there, he met Coretta Scott, and they got married in 1953. Shortly after, they moved to Montgomery, Alabama. On June 5, 1955 he received a doctorate of philosophy in systematic god from the Boston University.Soon after he earned his doctorate, King learned of Rosa Parks and a bus boycott. This was his first calling to fight against segregation. On December 5, 1955, he was made president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, making him the official spokesman for the boycott. In November of 1956, the Supreme Court ruled bus segregation illegal. This brocaded th e morale of black people in the U.S. There was now proof that they could obtain equal rights. The struggle began, but King was using a new method. He practiced non-violence in his boycotts and marches.King formed the Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. This conference would discuss ways to fight for equal rights without violence.

Professional Sports Teams Move - Cities Fight To Keep Them Essay

Professional Sports Teams Move - Cities Fight To Keep ThemProfessional sports, cargon most of our popular culture, can be understood only p artistryly by through its exiting plays and tremendous athletes. Baseball and football most of all are not only games anymore but also hardcore businesses. As businesses, sports leagues can be as conniving, deceitful, and manipulative as any other businesses in the world. No matter what the circumstances are, it seems that Politicians are always some how right around the corner from the world of sports. These Politicians look to exploit both the cultural and the sparing dimensions of the sports for their own purposes. This is what is known in the sports industry as playing the field.In the last decade, almost all the big cities in the United States, and a few small cities as well, have battled with each other for the right to host big league franchises. Cities spend hundreds of millions of dollars to build new stadiums and offer enticements to head-to-head franchise owners. Politicians often push for stadiums and other favors to teams despite not having reinforcement from neighborhoods and general opposition across the whole city, especially where these high dollar stadiums would be built. Some of the most prolific franchises in sports, like the Oakland Raiders and Baltimore Colts of the National Football League, have moved to other cities breaking off their fast(a)ty to the hometown fans. More eventful than the actual moves are the more frequent threatened moves. When teams play the field and explore the option of playing in other cities they are equal to(p) to hook interested cities into giving them just about any royalty they want. New stadiums are only the line of descent. The willingness to threaten departure has secured for teams a variety of land deals, visit taxes, more revenues from parking and concessions, control of stadium operations, guaranteed ticket sales, renovation of stadiums with luxury seating, c ontrol over neighborhoods and transportation systems, and thats only the beginning of the list.Franchises are able to control their own destinies and have major advantages over city officials. This is what as known in the sports industry as the uneven playing field. metropolis officials react to the offensive stra... ...s left Baltimore to play in Indianapolis, where they havent had a championship season since they left.Ironically, the Cleveland Browns of the NFL who were a playoff caliber team every year, who had loyal fans and good attendance, lost their team to the city of Baltimore. Owner Art Modell moved his Cleveland Browns team to the city of Baltimore, with the promise of a cost free state of the art stadium, built by tax payers, and a larger market for their team to play in. The city of Baltimore welcomed the team wholeheartedly, after going through the same passing play of a team, the Colts. The team is know called the Baltimore Ravens and play in a beautiful stadium com plex in downtown Baltimore, Maryland. They have great fan support and Baltimore is once again a football town. The city of Cleveland on the other hand has been in shock after losing a team they loved and back up and are not very fond of Art Modell. The city of Cleveland will once again become a football town, with the expansion Cleveland Browns preparing for their inaugural season, beginning in the fall 1999. The city is once again very excited about the NFL and the Dog Pound will live again.

The Poetry of Simon Armitage Essay -- Papers

The Poetry of Simon Armitage Simon Armitage was born in Marsden, West Yorkshire in 1963. He studied geography at Portsmouth, and Psychology at Manchester, qualified as a social worker and worked for six years as a probation officer. He has also worked as a shelf stacker, disc jockey and lathe operator. He is now a freelance writer and broadcaster. His work includes song lyrics, plays and scripts for TV and radio. Armitages first collection, Zoom, was published by Bloodaxe in 1989. Subsequent poetry books, any published by Faber, include Kid (1992), Book of Matches (1993), The Dead Sea verses (1995), Moon Country (1996) and CloudCuckooLand(1997). Untitled Poem I am very bothered when I think... This poem comes from Book of Matches, 1993. It appears to be based on memories of Armitages schooldays. He says that most poetry has to come from ad hominem experience of one kind or another. The first two lines actually come from a probation service questi onnaire, but Armitage has chosen to use them in a different context. Here he tells the story of a science lab prank that went wrong. The person in the poem heated up a pair off of tongs and then handed them to another person, presumably a girl. This girl innocently slipped them onto her fingers and was badly burnt. The doctor said that she would be marked for eternity by the ring-shaped scars. The narrator claims now that he was using this as a way of attracting her attention that was just my butterfingered way, at thirteen, of asking you if you would marry me. The address in stanza two emphasises this idea of a marriage proposal with words such as ... ... * What was the final demand? * What did the note of explanation say? From all these details we can guess what might have happened, but we cannot know for certain. But this does not matter its the thought processes involved that are more important. The social structure of the poem is a se ries of rhyming couplets, although some of them are not complete rhymes. The opening couplet sets up a steady, regular rhythm. This is orderly and unanimous and perhaps suggests the regularity of police methods. The longer lines have four beats and the shorter ones have two beats, until the last two lines, where the regular rhythm seems to break down. That was everything is forked it could mean that the list has finished, or it could mean that the ring is the item that was most important. It finishes off the poem.

Oscar Romero Essay -- essays research papers

Remembering a HeroYou can only describe him as a man of determination. Someone who demonstratesextraordinary courage in the incline of injustice and in human creationity. He had a resolute intent to do what isright, true, and just, which made him the Archbishop that people remember and make movies about. Because of him, the world was informed about basic human rights and dignities and how this was beingignored in his country of El Salvador. He took it upon himself to use the church as a light of hope tothe oppressed and a repugn to the oppressors.Oscar Romero was born in 1917 and taken away in 1980. He was appointed Archbishop in1977. Before he served his term, the Church in Central America was being protested by twopolitical ideals. One was those priests who wanted non-confrontation with the Church and the state. And those who impression the Church should have say in the government and what it was doing. Romero was chosen because he was thought to be a middle man whom all could agree with. Although, soon after being appointed Romeros close, personal friend Father Rutillo Grande was kill by the governments soldiers. Obviously, this had a significant and intense effect on hislife, changing him from a moderate and equal lookout to a angry and impetuous activist againstinjustice. His dramatic and passionate change in view shows how if you put your mind behind...

Oscar Romero Essay -- essays research papers

Remembering a HeroYou can only describe him as a man of determination. mortal who demonstratesextraordinary courage in the face of injustice and inhumanity. He had a resolute intent to do what isright, true, and just, which made him the Archbishop that people remember and make movies about. Because of him, the creation was informed about basic human rights and dignities and how this was beingignored in his country of El Salvador. He took it upon himself to use the church as a lilting of hope tothe oppressed and a challenge to the oppressors.Oscar Romero was born in 1917 and taken away in 1980. He was appointed Archbishop in1977. Before he served his term, the church in Central America was being protested by twopolitical ideals. One was those priests who wanted non-confrontation with the Church and the state. And those who thought the Church should have say in the government and what it was doing. Romero was chosen because he was thought to be a middle man whom all could agree wit h. Although, soon after being appointed Romeros close, personal friend Father Rutillo Grande wasassassinated by the governments soldiers. Obviously, this had a significant and intense effect on hislife, changing him from a lessen and equal lookout to a ferocious and impetuous activist againstinjustice. His dramatic and passionate change in view shows how if you put your mind behind...

Thousand Splendid Suns Comparison

It seems that War has found a home in Afghanistan. The people of Afghanistan engage seen three decades of Anti-Soviet Jihad, civil war and Taliban tyranny. They have lived through inconceivable horrors and now, their incredible stories of hope and burdensomeness ar being told. In A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini and The Sw all toldows of Kabul by Yasmina Khadra, the women be oppressed by their husbands and society. Mariam is passive and compliant magic spell Zunaira is defiant and angry, yet both accept the same infliction and isolation.Initially, their suffering increases because their anger at being oppressed and tormented is deflected towards the wrong people, people who actually care for them. Through their difficult journeys, their eyes are opened up to the power and beauty of a loving relationship. The expiration or gain of such a relationship is the defining factor of whether or non each character contracts peace and self-worth. The women in both novels transmutation from a state of being hopeful to complete desolation due to the conquering in their lives.Initially, Mariam from A Thousand Splendid Suns expresses much hope close to attaining a bright future. She wants to pursue an education as she says, I mean a real schoollike in a classroom, like my starts another(prenominal) kids (Hosseini, 17). Mariam firmly believes that she can shed her shameful status of a bastards child, and as she gets older, she takes strides to make this vision into a reality. Moreover, Mariam is constantly inundated with her mothers pessimistic ideals about life, barely she believes that Youre Mother are afraid that I might sense the happiness you never had.And you dont want me to be happy. You dont want a good life for me (Hosseini, 28). As a result, at first, Mariam is a strong figure with a lively spirit who is able to combat much negativity in her life and continue to ideate and hope of a better future. Perhaps, her naivety fosters these hope s and dreams as well. Later, Mariams husband, Rasheed successfully crushes her strong spirit. During peerless of his fierce outbursts, he shoved two fingers into her mouth and pried it open, then forced the unheated pebbles into it merely he kept pushing the pebbles in, his upper lip curled into a sneer (Hosseini, 104).Mariam is tortured psychologically, physically and her lively spirit is broken. She completely isolates herself from the right(prenominal) world, and quietly suffers inside her house as Mariam was afraid (Hosseini, 98). She is passive and compliant in the abusive relationship because she abandons all hope, and tries 1 to endure everything that falls upon her. subjugation crushes Mariams informal strength and she becomes a walking dead person, confined to her own home. Furthermore, Zunaira from The Swallows of Kabul undergoes a similar transition from a state of hopefulness to desolation.At the beginning, Zunaira is a hopeful person. Her husband, Mohsen, says, Her zeal was unmatched, save by the praises heaped upon her. She was a brilliant girl and her beauty lifted every heart (Khadra, 73). She is extremely passionate about empowering the women in Afghanistan, that she even pursues a career as a magistrate to set an example to rest of her countrymen. Zunaira embodies hope, and positive dislodge in a country devastated by war. want Mariam, Zunairas hopeful spirit sets her up on a high pedestal to fall from. Then, Zunaira is oppressed by the Taliban.She is writhing with anger and hatred when she says, the most detestable fact of my existence, to the constraint with anger and hatred that even in my dreams I refuse to accept the forfeiture of my rights (Khadra, 99). Anger and hatred threatens to rip Zunaira apart because she feels that the Taliban have stripped her off her dignity and humiliated her beyond endurance. Pride is important to Zunaira. Thus, she struggles to control her anger in public when she views the bitter state of her countr y, how the Taliban have destroyed her pride, hopes and dreams. unconnected Mariam, Zunaira is defiant and angry. Zunaira actually attains her goal of becoming a magistrate, and thus, she experiences a colossaler sensation of loss. Mariam and Zunaira combat the oppression in different ways but they suffer the same distract and isolation. Oppression induces a negative change in both characters. In addition, the women have coping mechanisms to deal with the sorrow in their lives. Their top executive to cope is affected by family members. Mariam remembers her mothers story, where each snowflake was a sigh heaved by an aggrieved charwoman somewhere in the World.That all the sighs drifted up in the sky, gathered in the clouds, and then broke into tiny pieces (Hosseini, 91). Mariam is submissive in her abusive relationship because her mother has taught her by example, that Afghani women solely have to endure the pain and suffering in their lives. She makes no attempts to change her sit uation in her marriage because she lives by her mothers teachings. Perhaps, if Mariam were to stand up for herself or stir up chaos during one of Rasheeds beatings, Rasheed would not turn to violence against her so easily.Also, Mariam could have searched for alternatives to escape Rasheed before the Taliban implemented the harsh laws. Over the years, Mariam becomes increasingly helpless and miserable under Rasheeds rule, as she follows the model of her mothers teachings. Also, she deflects her anger and sorrow 2 towards the wrong people, people who actually care for her. Laila, Rasheeds younger wife tries to extend a friendship towards Mariam multiple times, but Mariam pushes Laila away. She screams at Laila, I have no use for your companyYou will leave me be and I will return the favour.Thats how we will get on. Those are the rules (Hosseini, 226). As Mariam pushes Laila farther away, she only becomes a greater target of Rasheeds abuse because Rasheed tends to beat Mariam when he i s angry with Laila. During a beating, Rasheed held a belt in his hatful and Mariam becomes absolutely petrified, but Laila tries to stand up for Mariam. United, Mariam and Laila are able to stand up to Rasheed and reduce the frequency and severity of Rasheeds beatings. By rebuffing Laila, Mariam only increases her own pain and suffering.The characters coping mechanisms seem to only destroy any remaining strands of courage and hope within them. Similarly, in The Swallows of Kabul, Zunaira tries to find a way to cope with the oppression in her life. At the beginning, she tries to forget her own pain and suffering to be strong for her husband. Mohsen, her husband, insists on taking a stroll in the streets of Kabul, and Zunaira refuses to go because she does not want to wear the Burqa. To Zunaira, the Burqa epitomizes the mistreatment and oppression of women in Afghanistan. In the end, Zunaira agrees to go with Mohsen when she says, Lets go out.Id rather run a thousand risks than to se e you so demoralize (Khadra, 79). Zunaira sacrifices some of her core values to make Mohsen happy, who is her only support system in this World. though she does not want to lose Mohsen, her ability to cope with the oppression is hindered when she views firsthand the Talibans brutality. Similarly, Zunairas ability to cope with oppression is negatively impacted by the actions of her family members. Both womens hopes are crushed, but, Mariam becomes more compliant while a fire is enkindled within Zunaira, which threatens to rip her apart.Also, Zunaira shuns her loved one out of her life. When Zunaira refuses to talk to Mohsen and remove her Burqa after the stroll in Kabul, he recounts, her anger is so uttermost(prenominal) that her veil trembles before her agitated breathing and she says, I dont ever want to see you again, Mohsen Ramat (Khadra, 129). At first, Zunaira uses her husband to cope, but later, she targets her fury towards him because she wants him to experience her great feeling of loss. Mohsen is a man, and Zunaira believes that a man will never allow a woman to attain her freedom.Like Mariam, she ends up deteriorating her life further because Mohsen circumstantially dies during one of their fights. Thus, Zunaira loses another member of her family to the Taliban. Zunaira is angry, but her actions cause her loved ones to 3 suffer too, unlike Mariam who bottles up her fury and grieves alone. In the end, Mariam and Zunairas coping mechanisms only despatch their feelings of pain and isolation. Finally, the women in both novels undergo a period of self-realization by losing or gaining a loving relationship. Mariam is able to acquire a parvenu found sense of inner strength.Laila and Mariam forge a special sisterly bond that Mariam can turn to for support and strength. Mariam says, But, perhaps there were kinder years hold still. A new life, a life which she would find the blessings that Nana had said a harami like her would never see (Hosseini, 256). Her sisterly bond induces a positive change in Mariam as she starts to hope again. Mariams spirit is rejuvenated, and she finds a newly acquired strength to defeat her oppressor, Rasheed. She frees herself off her primary oppressor for she finds the courage to kill Rasheed. She finds a state of inner peace at last.Also, Mariam finds a new purpose in life. Before Mariam is to be executed, she thinks, A Weed. And yet she was leaving the World as a woman who had loved and been loved backa person of consequence at last. No. It was not so badthat she should die this way (Hosseini, 370). Mariam is resented by her mother, father and husband, but her relationship with Laila and Aziza, Lailas daughter, redefine her outlook on life. Their love fills a hollow spot within Mariam, and it lessens the pain of living under oppression for decades. As Mariam has loved, she is finally able to shed her status of a arami and gain a new sense of selfworth. She sees the beauty in a loving relationship, a nd she finally does find peace and selfworth in her life. In The Swallows of Kabul, Zunaira makes an important self-discovery as well. By severing her ties to Mohsen, she attains a form of inner strength. When the Jailer, Atiq, tries to convince her to run away from the jail, she says, I cant contain to get out of here, but not in the way you propose (Khadra, 164). She accepts her fate and is prepared to die. With Mohsens accidental death, Zunaira severs all ties to the physical world.She rids herself of all duties and obligations and deserts all of her hopes and dreams. She feels like a free spirit, symbolized by the removal of her Burqa. Her lightness renews her inner strength and now, she feels she can overcome any obstacle in her path, even dying. Though Zunaira attains a sense of inner peace by severing ties to loved ones, Mariam achieves this by finding the beauty in a loving relationship. Like Mariam, Zunaira is involuntary to die because their newly gained inner strength g ives them the power to vanquish all obstacles in their path. Also, her loss of a loving relationship changes her perspective on life.She says to the Jailer, Weve already been killed, all of us, it happened so 4 long ago, weve forgotten it (Khadra, 164). Zunaira realizes that she has lost everything to the Taliban, her family, her dignity, her hopes and dreams. When she sees that she has nothing worth living for anymore, she feels there is nothing more she can lose in this World, and thus, she thinks about life differently. The author does not elaborate about Zunairas life after she is freed from the jail, but probably she dies in the near future because she does not have a home to return to.Similarly, Mariam and Zunaira are able to see the power and beauty of a loving relationship. Zunaira leaves behind her pride, and need to feel empowered while Mariam actually gains a new sense of self-worth. For Zunaira, leaving behind all the things attached to her relationship with Mohsen gives her peace. So, each character takes different routes to find peace and self-worth. A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini and The Swallows of Kabul by Yasmina Khadra are both set in war-torn Afghanistan. The women are oppressed by their husbands and society.Then, the coping mechanisms they hold only increase their pain and suffering. Finally, Mariam and Zunaira make an important self-discovery where they either gain or lose the power and beauty of a loving relationship to find peace and self-worth. Overall, Mariam and Zunaira seem to reverse their roles from the beginning to the end. Mariam is passive at first, but she becomes quite aggressive at the end. While, Zunaira follows the opposite path to achieve inner peace. Millions of women are oppressed around the World, and it seems that love is the critical factor to breaking the cycle of oppression.

A Task at Hand Essay

Learning is an experience that requires some mode of transfer of friendship from the source of the learning experience to the disciple. More often learning is not automatic, that is, it is not a guarantee that learning experiences will be acquired automatically erstwhile they argon presented to the learner. Sometimes learning experiences are gained thorough some repetitive actions. Assigning a t contend to a learner requires an understanding of the learners needs and then an appropriate articulation of these needs with the learning experiences and resources. Learning can be academic or physical (Peter, 1994).Learning activities for the chosen tasks. In trying to assess the learner, some two tasks were performed where one is a physical operation and the other is an academic activity. And therefore two different lesson plans were prepared for the tasks. The lesson plans are prepared in an essay format. Jumping rope. The specific objective of this learning activity is that by the e nd of the lesson the learner should be able to perform the activity of jumping perfectly using a rope, that is, given a rope, the student should be able to use the rope and perform the task of jumping.This is how the lesson will be developed. During the first phoebe bird minutes, the instructor provides definitions of the available resources and the lesson in general. Then the next ten minutes, the instructor shows by teacher shows the student by using teacher demonstration method on how to hold the rope and go on jumping using the rope. Then the next ten minutes the teacher should ask the student to perform the task of jumping using the given rope. If the student fails to perform the task as expected, then the teacher should use the next five minutes repeating the instructions.Then the last part of the instructional objective should be that the teacher should ask the learner which areas the learner felt were so ruffianly on grasping the ideas. During this instructional session the following resources can be used. A rope, nice fitting and flat sole shoes preferably sports shoes, and relevant pictures of people jumping using the rope depending on the level of the learner (Abbey, 1996). Solving a two digit math problem. By the end of the lesson the learner should be able to solve a given two digit math problem.The teacher should start the lesson by introducing numbers and digits and use the concept of summing up of math problems using single digits, and then defining these terms to the student. During the five minutes the teacher should start by asking the giving the learner a simple single digit additional math problem to solve. Then using the next fifteen minutes using chalk and board method, the teacher should vividly show the learner how to go about in the process of solving a two digit math problem.Then using g the next fifteen minutes, the teacher should give an assignment to the student involving the solving this kind of problem. Then lastly the teac her should ask the learner to identify the areas the learner felt were quite hard to understand. This instruction uses the following resources. A textbook recommended in the syllabus on solving simple math problems, pen and musical composition for the student, a chart showing the demonstrated problems and chalk and board for the teacher.

Issues in Art Therapy with Children Essay

device mould therapy is the remedial use of making fraud within a professional relationship, and the process involved in making fraud is healing and life-enhancing. In the primordial 1980s, the American prowess Therapy Association (Levick, 1983, as cited in New get along withr, 1993) regarded trick therapy as an opportunity for non vocal flavour and communication with the belief that the creative process of contrivance is a means of reconciling emotional conflicts and of fostering self-aw beness. The intimacy later expanded their definition to readArt Therapy is a human portion profession that utilizes stratagem media, im jump ons, the creative ruse process and patient/ invitee responses to the created products as reflections of an individuals acquirement, abilities, personality, interests, concerns and conflicts. Art experiences can provide an ersatz to verbal forms of assessment and treatment (American Art Therapy Association Newsletter, 1998). Kaplan (2000) reviewe d the findings of other neuroscientists who noted that pictural facsimile is a complex activity, involving areas of the brain associated with language.For example, Restak (1994) reported that to a greater extent brain neurons are devoted to vision than the other senses. Kaplan suggests that studio ruse can hurry problem-solving abilities, stimulate pleasure and self-conceit, and provide opportunities for successful functioning in pip-squeakren and adults with cognitive impairments. Malchiodi (2003) cites studies by scientists who found that drawing involves complex interactions between many p humanistic discipline of the brain, and notes that scholarship will be central to understanding how invention therapy unravels and why it is a powerful remedial modality.Riley (2003) observed that offering opportunities to create fine art to cast down striplings as a means of communication that can be enjoyed and operate onled provides a lens for viewing their perceptions through their own images, as well as a vehicle for treatment and a way to address resistance. In addition, she finds drawingless(prenominal) confrontational, less familiar, and less judgmental than talk, and that adolescent depression is much masked. Teenagers whitethorn also be angry or aggressive, as opposed to the lassitude characteristic of depressed adults, and art-making can serve to relieve painful self-deprecation.Wadeson (1980) noted that drawings by patients experiencing depression showed less color, less affect, and less effort than the drawings of nondepressed individuals. In addition, they showed more than empty space and more depressive affect, such as drawing closely harming others. Silver & Ellison (1995) described the port and history of a 16-year-old who had been arrested and incarcerated for stabbing another youth with a pencil. His history included a volatile temper and it was feared that he might harm others. His tiro had disappeared and his mother had been killed in a gang-related incident.During his stay in the facility, he was bunsd on suicide watch, and then was disciplined for angry acting-out. Three weeks after his release, he committed suicide. Advantages of Art Therapy vs. Traditional Verbal Therapy for Children Many studies performed by therapist- look forers contain been chosen to centralize on art therapy in grumpy because of the expressive arts benefit of allowing children a nonverbal outlet for their views. However, because art therapy is a relatively new modality, there is a minimal amount of investigate that has been conducted to support its cogency or usefulness. therefore, traditionally there has been less acceptance of it as a viable treatment option. Due to this belief, it is important to point out the many advantages of conducting art therapy to treat a wide spectrum of mental illnesses, from severe disorders such as schizophrenia to mild behavioral disorders. There are many therapeutic advantages to this particular type of therapy. Pre-adolescent children often relieve oneself uncorrectabley expressing their thoughts and feelings verbally. Childrens linguistic and cognitive skills are not fully developed, which limits their verbal expression.Because art therapy involves nonverbal communication, it is useful with this age population whose developmental limitations prevent the level of participation often required in verbal therapy ( freshman, 1993). Instead of words, the image created by the child is the symbolic representation of a feeling, event, wish, etc. This form of preverbal expression and preverbal thinking does not require translation because it is depicted in image form. For children who are not able to forge the translation, art is apply as a vehicle for expression rather than words (Newcomer, 1993). some other advantage of art therapy is that the image produced can serve as a catalyst for verbal expression. This image then provides the child with structure and a foundation in a n attempt to explain or describe the merchandise (Newcomer, 1993). Many children suffer from low self-esteem and low self-confidence. When a child participates in art therapy activities and can master the materials and projects, it provides an opportunity for the child to increase self-esteem and self-confidence. Many of the participants in the present get hold of suffer from a poor self-image and low self-esteem and confidence.Children, particularly in violent neighborhoods, often feel a insufficiency of reassure over the unpredictable and fallacious environment in which they are living. Therefore, it is important to gain mastery of a task, which helps build a feeling of control. Art projects can serve to do this. Art therapy is advantageous to traditional talk therapy in that it helps to provide a socially acceptable opportunity for expression and is relatively nonthreatening, whereas verbal therapy can carry a blot. Many individuals, both children and adults, suffer from th e stigma of being in therapy.Reducing or eliminating this negative stigma can serve to enhance the therapy (Newcomer, 1993). Art therapy provides a forum where children are able to freely express emotion when discussing their artwork without fear of violating social norms. Another benefit of art therapy is the social component that can be worked into the session if providing collection art therapy. By working on group projects and sharing materials, it helps develop interpersonal relationships and fosters cooperation (Newcomer, 1993).At the Lake Schools Insight Through Art Program, all children in the groups share materials and at times engage in group projects. Another advantage of art therapy that has been noted is the decrease in energy level that occurs during the creative process (Newcomer, 1993). Individuals in art therapy are still moved(p) as in talk therapy, but in a different way that provides greater relaxation. Many of the children at the Lake School are hyperactive, anxious, and overly excited. workings on an art project provides structure, containment, and limit setting that helps to calm children down.Art can also have the reverse center on depressed, introverted children. Art and art-making can help stimulate these individuals and increase participation in therapy and decrease inhibition. A disadvantage of verbal therapy is that when working verbally, individuals can stop and filter thoughts and feelings (Wadeson, 1980). It is easier to control and tame your words then your art. This editing can slow down the therapeutic process. Harriet Wadeson lists objectification as another advantage. This term is based on the premise that art expression can form a bridge.Objectification is the notion that feelings or ideas are at first externalized in an object (picture or sculpture). The art object allows the individual, objet dart separating from the feelings, to recognize their existence (Wadeson, 1980, p. 10). Hopefully, the individual can then c ome to own his or her feelings and integrate them into the self. When in art therapy, the individual is left(a) with a actual object that can be taken with him or her after the therapy has ended (Wadeson, 1980). In verbal therapy, there are no tangible products.The object(s) is symbolic of the work done in treatment and can also serve as a reminder of skills learned. The person then has a reminder of work done, which is in particular beneficial for children. The picture or sculpture is not subject to distortions of memory. An additional advantage of having a tangible product is that it is easier to recall and notice emerging patterns. A therapist and the client can derive a sense of ongoing development that occurs in the therapeutic process. The art object provides documentation that is a estimate statement by the patient, not filtered by the therapist (Wadeson, 1980).A final noted advantage is that art taps into primary process thinking and allows the child to process the event without the censorship or inhibitions of secondary process thinking. Literature Review of Art Therapy Research Art therapy programs, unlike traditional doctoral programs in psychology, have not emphasized confirmable research. Students analyze art therapy enter the field because they tend to be more interested in the clinical work rather than in conducting research. Many programs, though this began changing in the 1980s, do not offer the foundational parentages in research design.Given this focus, the field of art therapy lacks the research studies that utilize quantifiable data. Therefore, much of the research regarding the efficacy of art therapy has been case studies. Many fertile writers in the field have written about the lack of art therapy research (McNiff, 1998a, Rosal, 1998 Malchiodi, 1995). As a relatively new discipline we have yet to advance to the stage where professional researchers separate the process of investigation from the the practice of the craft (McNiff, 1998a, p. 86). Many art therapists struggle with the more traditionally acceptable research procedures.Creative research methods seem to lend themselves better to studying this unique field because in enables the researcher a better opportunity to provide evidence regarding the process of therapeutic change. To show the changes that occur after the course of art therapy, many practitioner-researchers try to let the artistic products speak for themselves, coupled with a description of how the client moved through the process and experience of art therapy. The practice of art therapy generates a desire to show data on the part of both participants and therapists.The presentation of imagery is a natural extension of the therapeutic process and a primary feature of artistic activity (McNiff, 1998b, p. 93). To date, it was difficult to find studies that investigated behavioral changes occurring after the introduction of a nurture-based group art-therapy program. However, there is resea rch that addresses other changes art therapy can bring about. Rosal, McCulloch-Vislisel, and Neece (1997) conducted an art therapy pilot study in an urban high shoal with ninth-grade students.The program goal was to improve attitudes about school, relationships, and life decrease the number of failing grades and keep students from dropping out of school. Results of this study indicated that the art therapy, in conjunction with the English curriculum, had a positive effect on the subjects. The investigators found that the participants stayed in school, failed a very small number of courses, and improved their attitude about school, family, and self. Another study, conducted by Jasenke Roje (1995), utilized art therapy with reaction time age children who were victims of the 1994 Los Angeles earthquake.Roje found art therapy to be an effective and successful treatment modality in the recovery of earthquake trauma. It enabled children to express internal processes which they had no ve rbal awareness of and it facilitated working through the defenses in order to identify underlying conflicts which hindered recovery (Roje, 1995, p. 243). Rosal (1993) investigated the use of art therapy to modify the locus of control and adaptive classroom behavior of children with behavior disorders. Subjects were fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students living in a poor urban area in a large city. some of the children came from unstable families. All subjects were identified as having behavioral difficulties at school and poor peer relationships. Results of this study were not statistically of import, however, Rosal noted change in the subjects. unrivalled of the measures Rosal utilized was The Childrens Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control (CNS-D3) measure. She found that although there were no statistically significant results, both experimental groups made greater moves toward the norm of the CNS-IE than the control groups.A second measure used in this study w as the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (TRS). Results indicated that the two art therapy treatment conditions showed significant differences in changes of diagnosis on the TRS. Both art therapy treatment conditions were more effective than the control group in helping the behavior disordered students improve. Seventy-five percent of the subjects in one of the treatment conditions showed an improved diagnosis on the TRS and 67% showed improved diagnosis in the other treatment condition.The third and final measure that Rosal used in this study was a personal construct drawing interview (PCDI) that was developed specifically for this study to measure changes in self-perception. The students in both art therapy treatment conditions showed an increase in positive attitudes, whereas no major change was noted in the control group. In conclusion, Rosals study suggests that art therapy whitethorn be an effective modality in helping children with behavior disorders increase levels of control.Pl easant-Metcalf and Rosal (1997) utilized a single-case study research design in a school setting to study the effectiveness of individual art therapy with a 12-year-old girl whose academic performance declined following the divorce of her parents. Evidence in this pilot study suggests that school-based art therapy was effective in helping increase academic performance. This study adds to the growing body of belles-lettres supporting the notion that art therapy is an important school-based service and can positively impact academic performance.Avidar (1995) explored through two case studies how art therapy can address treatment needs of children who experience permeative trauma. The subjects in Avidars study, much like the ones in the current study, reside in a violent inner-city housing project in a major metropolitan city. Avidar found that art therapy proves to address the psychological needs of individuals who experience chronic trauma. Art therapy provides distance, expression, mastery, control, and above all, safety and trust (Avidar, 1995, p. 16).Omizo and Omizo (1989) used art activities with minority children aged 8 to 11 to help improve self-esteem. It is well documented that poor self-esteem, feelings of incompetence, worthlessness, hopelessness, powerlessness, and feelings of inadequacy contribute to delinquency, substance abuse, unemployment, unrealized potential, poor achievement, and involvement with crime (Roundtree, 1979 and Shaplen, 1982, as cited in Omizo & Omizo, 1989). As in Omizo and Omizos study, the children in the current study face the aforementioned feelings and problems.Children in the Omizo study were assigned to an experimental group or a control group and were pre- and post-tested using The Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory for Children (SEI) to measure self-esteem. Results on the post-test indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control group. The minority children who participated in group counseling th at utilized art activities had significantly higher social peer-related and academics/school-related self-esteem. Application of Art Therapy in Counseling Children Historically, therapy has been provided in private offices, hospitals, and community clinics.Traditionally, schools have been viewed narrowly as places to educate. Now that we have entered the 21st century, an expanded notion of the function of the school needs to be considered. Schools are not just the place where students learn academic material schools also shape students psychological well-being, especially in poor urban neighborhoods where there are few resources available to families. Schools are the primary institutions where children gather, and as such, they provide an excellent setting in which to deliver effective services to children in need.Individuals and families may not be able to incur services if they are required to go to an office-based treatment setting. School-based services can provide a stem to th e problem of children not being independently smooth and having to rely on a family member, guardian, or some other adult to take them to therapy. Schools are where the children are. We have to take the service to them, rather than expect them to come to us (McNiff, 1997). This is especially the case when working with disadvantaged, at-risk children. There are a multitude of factors that may lead to a lack of participation in treatment.It is often not a lack of desire or motivation for treatment, but rather a confounding situation. Disadvantaged families usually do not have a reliable source of transportation. Therefore, it makes it very difficult to make a scheduled session that possibly is miles away, after-school(prenominal) of their community. Another problem with children receiving services outside of the school is that they have to rely on an adult to get them there. Parents in poor urban settings are often disenfranchised by the system and may lack the motivation to get the ir child to treatment.In addition, there may be crises that arise and other children whose parents or guardians are caring for that make it difficult to get to scheduled appointments. However, with school-based interventions, if the child attends class, he or she is able to receive treatment without relying on an adult to provide transportation. The school is therefore a more effective place to reach children more consistently. The earlier the intervention, the more likely it is that one can eradicate and reshape unhealthy behaviors among children. The longer the behavior continues, the more difficult it is to extinguish.By meeting the needs of children in a school setting, there is a greater chance of targeting and changing negative behaviors at an early stage. There are numerous advantages to school-based treatments when compared to more traditional settings. There is a push for briefer treatments in which the patient takes a more active role in the therapeutic process. In additio n, there is no longer the belief that one type of treatment is appropriate for all presenting problems. Art therapy in the public schools is an alternative approach to a variety of problems, one that is both active and brief.The therapy takes place when school is in session therefore, the school calendar dictates treatment to hardly be a certain length of time. Another advantage is that the therapist, by being in the school, is part of the school system and climate and has an opportunity to gauge the public social climate that is impinging on the child (Nicol, 1979, p. 83). The therapist can witness the child interacting with peers and teachers and identify problematic social relationships and social skills that are make difficulties for the child.Providing treatment in a familiar environment is linked to clients remaining in treatment. The school is a very familiar environment for children, thus increase the chances that the child will remain in treatment. A final advantage of t he school-based setting is the collaboration that can occur amongst professionals (Nicol, 1979). Teachers do not receive the prerequisite learning on how to handle children with behavioral problems. The school-based therapist can serve as a resource for the teachers and school staff, providing consultations and in-school workshops.Given the central role that schools profligacy in the lives of children, we need to expand upon this by not only educating children on subjects of reading, writing, and arithmetic, but also help to foster positive self-esteem and emotional and cognitive growth. In addition, schools also should help children build interpersonal relationship skills and help students to develop positive behaviors. By broadening the definition and role the school plays beyond academic success, children will have a greater chance of success and a larger set of skills necessary to make it in the outside world.Most of the literature on art therapy in schools represents work th at is taking place in specialized settings, not urban public schools. The severity of problems that children bring into school settings is rising dramatically. Violence, sexual abuse, suicide, substance abuse, poverty, and the decay of family and community structures are just some of the numerous issues affecting children today (Essex, Frostig, & Hertz, 1996, p. 182). Children bring these problems into the classroom and schools are left with the responsibility to handle these grave situations. When a child is in distress, it interferes with the childs ability to learn.In 1990, a decision by the Supreme woo of New Jersey emphasized the critical need for public school support of these issues. There have been several other legislative initiatives that focus on the benefits of creative art therapies to help individuals who do not respond to more traditional therapies. The Senate and House Report (No. 96-712, May 18, 1980) on the Mental Health Systems bout of 1980 gave special attentio n to the creative arts therapies in the treatment of persons who required mental health services but who did not respond to traditional therapeutic modalities (Bush, 1997b, p. 10).Janet Bush (1997a) introduced the first comprehensive art therapy program in a public school in Dade County, Florida during the 1979-1980 school year which still exists today. Other art therapy programs have been started in the United States, but they are not as extensive as Dade County and have developed differently. Initially, the goal of the pilot program in Dade County was to provide art therapy for students with physical, emotional, educational, and psychological problems to ameliorate a variety of unacceptable behaviors and to help the students learn by improving students insights, attitudes, and skills (Bush, 1997a, p.9). Eventually, the program narrowed its focus to only include students with emotional problems. While obtaining her graduate degree in art therapy, Bush recognized how students proble ms were directly and indirectly affecting their educational goals. By introducing art therapy in the school, she hoped to assist the children in problem resolution by providing tools to foster self-expression and emotional and cognitive growth. In 1999, the Bade County school district employed 20 Mi-time art therapists to work in 28 public schools. (Minato, 1999, p. 59).As the art therapy program grew and developed, other professionals (psychologists, social workers, family therapists, and teachers) joined the treatment team. At first, the program unite art education along with art therapy. This was due to the fact that the original funding for the program came from the art education department. In 1995, the program shifted away from art education and started focusing entirely on clinical art therapy objectives with severely emotionally disturbed children (Bush, 1997a). The activities the school art therapists provided were very comprehensive.They included consultation, assessment, intervention, professional training and development, research, program planning, and evaluation (Bush, 1997b). Although the Dade County school-based art therapy program has been a success, its success has been measured by observation and experiences of the therapists. This program, along with most school-based art therapy programs, lacks the documentation to support empirical research. The Dade County program has continued to prosper since its commencement in 1979, but empirical research supporting it is minimal (Bush, 1997b). Art therapy in schools, however, has not taken root.It is time for controlled research and documentation on the application of art therapy in schools. Relevant outcome criteria on the effectiveness of art therapy in treating students and the effects of participation on a schools team should be reported. (Bush, 1997a, p. 13) The Dade County art therapy program is a model program, which can serve to inspire future development of kindred school-based art therapy programs. Art therapy in a school-based setting can provide at-risk children with an outlet to work through obstacles that are hindering their educational, emotional, and social growth.Conclusion behavioural science research has focused on the psychological, emotional, behavioral, and cognitive problems that children open(a) to chronic stress and violence face. Research in this area has become increasingly prolific as the rates of violence and risk of exposure increases. This is especially true in large urban cities where the prevalence rate of urban youth exposed to violence and chronic stress is rapidly increasing. There are many factors in the lives of impoverished African-American children that lead to chronic stress.Rutter (1978) identified six significant familial stressors that increased the probability of behavioral disorders among children. They are (a) the father having an unskilled/semiskilled job, (b) overcrowding in the home or a large family size, (c) the mother dam age from depression or a neurotic disorder, (d) the child having ever been in care, (e) the father having been convicted of any offense against the law, and (f) marital discord (Rutter, 1978). Other researchers examined multiple stressors on school-aged childrens psychological functioning parental conflict, maternal depression, overcrowding, and family income.Shaw and Emery found that cumulative family stressors predicted clinically-elevated child behavior problems and below-average ratings of childrens IQ and perceived social competence (1988, p. 204). The research suggests there is a significant relationship between exposure to chronic stress, crime, and violence and behavioral, psychological, and academic problems. It is necessary to then take the next step and focus on ways in which to ameliorate these negative effects. Traditionally, psychological services of art therapy have been provided in hospitals, community mental health centers, and private offices.There are, however, nu merous factors that impede the ability of at-risk children from getting these needed services that are often provided outside their community. School-based interventions in art therapy can provide one solution to this problem. School-based therapeutic interventions have been effective in helping children to deal with the emotional repercussions of living with multiple stressors. By addressing common problems in a novel way, school-based art therapy therapy opens the doors to many children who otherwise would not receive the needed therapeutic help.The children are in their schools everyday, so why not bring the service to them. Outcome literature supports the notion that school-based intervention programs in art therapy can yield to positive outcomes in the lives of children.References Art therapy Definition of profession. (1998, Summer). American Art Therapy Association Newsletter, 31, 3. Avidar, A. (1995). Art therapy and pervasive trauma Working with children in violent communiti es. Pratt Institute Creative Arts Therapy Review, 16, 10-16. Bush, J. (1997a).The development of school art therapy in Dade County public schools Implications for future change. Art Therapy ledger of the American Art Therapy Association, 14(l 9-14. Bush, J. (1997b). The handbook of school art therapy. Springfield, IL Charles C Thomas. Essex, M. , Frostig, K. , & Hertz, J. (1996). In the service of children Art and expressive therapies in public schools. Art Therapy ledger of the American Art Therapy Association, 73(2), 181-190. Malchiodi, C. A. (1995). Does a lack of art therapy research hold us back?Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 12(4), 218-219. Malchiodi, C. A. (2003). Art therapy and the brain. In C. A. Malchiodi (Ed. ), Handbook of art therapy. New York Guilford Press. pp. 16-24 McNiff, S. (1997). Art therapy A spectrum of partnerships. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 24, 37-44. McNiff, S. (1998a). Enlarging the vision of art therapy research. Art Ther apy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 15(2), 86-92. McNiff, S. (1998b). Art-based research. London Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd. Kaplan, F. F. (2000).Art, science, and art therapy. London Jessica Kingsley. Minato, Laura. (1999). Book Review. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 26(1), 59-60. Nader, K. , & Pynoos, R. S. (1991). Play and drawing techniques as tools for interviewing traumatized children. In C. E. Schaefer, K. Gitlin, & A. Sandgrund (Eds. ), Play diagnosis and assessment (pp. 375-389). New York Wiley. Newcomer, P. (1993). Art, Music, and Dance Therapy. In P. Newcomer (Ed. ), Understanding and teaching emotionally disturbed adolescents (pp. 515-553). Austin, TX Pro-ed. Nicol, AR. (1979). Psychotherapy and the school.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20, 81-86. Omizo, M. M. , & Omizo, S. A. (1989). Art Activities to improve self-esteem among native Hawaiian children. Journal of humanistic Education and Development, 27(3), 167- 176. Pleasant-Metcalf, A. M. , & Rosal. M. L. (1997). The use of art therapy to improve academic performance. Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 14(1), 23-29. Restak, R. M. (1994). The modular brain. New York Scribner. Riley, S. (2003). Using art therapy to address adolescent depression.In C. Malchiodi (Ed.), Handbook of art therapy. New York Guilford Press. Roje, J. (1995). LA 94 earthquake in the eyes of children Art therapy with elementary school children who were victims of disaster. Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 12(4), 237-243. Rosal, M. L. (1998). Research thoughts Learning from the literature and from experience. Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 15(1), 47-50. Rosal, M. L. , McCulloch-Vislisel, S. , & Neece, S. (1997). Keeping students in school An art therapy program to benefit ninth-grade students.Art Therapy Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 14(1), 30-36. Rutter, M. (1978). Family, area, and school in fluences in the genesis of conduct disorder. In L. A. Hersov & D. Schaffer (Eds. ), Aggression and anti-social behavior in childhood and adolescence (pp. 95-114) Oxford Pergamon Press. Silver, R. , and Ellison, J. (1995). Identifying and assessing self-images in drawings by tumble-down adolescents. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 22, 339-352. Wadeson, H. (1980). Art psychotherapy. New York John Wiley & Sons.

Philosophy and Its Branches Essay

The development of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline. Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on quick-scented argument. Origin Middle English from Old French philosophie, via Latin from Greek philosophia love of wisdom.Philosophy comes from the Greek for love of wisdom, giving us 2 important starting points love (or passion) and wisdom (knowledge, understanding). Philosophy sometimes seems to be pursued without passion as if it were a technical subject. Although there is a mathematical function for dispassionate research, philosophy must derive from some passion for the ultimate goal a reliable, accurate understanding ourselves and our world. Branches of philosophy The fo llowing branches are the main areas of study Metaphysics is the study of the nature of being and the world.Traditional branches are cosmology and ontology. Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge, and whether knowledge is possible. Among its central concerns has been the challenge posed by skepticism and the relationships between truth, belief, and justification. Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned with questions of how persons ought to act or if such questions are answerable. The main branches of ethics are meta-ethics, normative ethics, and use ethics. Political philosophy is the study of government and the relationship of individuals and communities to the state.

Cost-Quality Relationship Essay

There argon three types of equal when quality considerations are made Appraisal Costs, Prevention Costs, and Failure Costs. These costs are affiliated with the efforts of process improvement and are also known as quality costs or cost of quality.Appraisal costs are associated with measuring, evaluating or auditing products and services to satisfy quality and performance requirements scar by the company. Examples of this cost include inspection and testing of purchases material, final inspections, audits for products and services, and testing equipment.Prevention costs are associated with all activities designed to prevent and stop poor quality in the products and services provided to the customers. Examples of this cost include new product review, supplier surveys, capability evaluations, improvement projects, education and training.Failure costs result from products and services that did not meet the quality standards and requirements set by the company. They divided into two cat egories Internal Failure Costs and External Failure Costs. Internal visitation costs occur before delivery and shipment of product and/or before services are performed to the customer. Examples of this cost include scrap,rework, retesting, re-inspecting, reviewing the material and downgrading. External failure costs occur after delivery and during or after providing the service to the customer. Examples of this cost include reviewing and processing customer complaints, customer returns, claims based on warranty, and recalls.The total quality costs are the sum of the appraisal, legal community, and failure costs. This will represent the difference between the actual costs of the product and/or service. The trade-offs between the appraisal, prevention, and failure costs are relevant. Some believe when the prevention costs are increased , the appraisal and failure costs will decrease substantially. This means that the total costs will be lower. Others say that if they degenerate to o much on quality, it will reduce the money available for other projects such as upgrades to technology.

Advantages of Being Bilingual

Abstract This try out deliberates the benefits of beingness multilingual. The information has been analyzed from resources dating from September 2010 through 2012. The idea put forth in this essay is to judge that the straits of a bilingual person is agile and nimble. It argues a bilingual signs in babies having the ability to be intimate between two speech communications as young as 4 months old. It overly presents how infants show a strong preference for the language their mother spoke during pregnancy. It confirms that using two languages throughout life delays the onset of mania symptoms by an average of four years.The research further explores how bilingualism is positively connected with many cognitive outcomes, including metalinguistic aw atomic number 18ness, focus assistance, auto control, active memory, and abstract and symbolic agency skills. In general, bilingual speakers enjoy far nimbler cognitive commands, maintaining a continuously active and alert brain, e ven when only oneness language is in control. beingness bilingual really provides opportunities in many corners of life totally impossible for monolinguals speakers. Advantages of Being BilingualThe saying less is more, does not apply when the topic of monolingual versus bilingual language skills is concerned. This work is a recompilation of the advantages of being bilingual. It discusses how the brain of bilingual speakers is ingenious and clever. Moreover, extends how infants as young as 4-months old and children who live in bilingual environments shake impinge on advantages over those living in monolingual environments. The article presents how using two languages throughout life delays the onset of dementia symptoms by an average of four years.This essay proves, through a number of studies, the cognitive outcomes associated with bilingualism. According to Flora (2010) Infants as young as 4 months who live in bilingual environments can distinguish between two languages, moni toring lip and facial movements. Babies also show a strong preference for the language their mother spoke during pregnancy. Were built to convey language, of course, but were also built to learn and accommodate more than one. Monolinguals are essentially underutilized their abilities Brain scans show that while monolinguals use established language centers such as Brocas rea, bilinguals employ far more of the neural landscape when expressing themselves. (p. 75). Wang (2010) uses the results of the studies performed by Dr. Bialystok and Dr. Craik (2004) on how children learn a second language. Doctor Bialystok and Craik conducted three studies that look at the cognitive effects in some 150 monolingual and bilingual people between 30 and 80 years old. They found that in both middle and old age, the bilingual subjects were better able to block out distracting information than the single-language speakers in a series of computerized tests.The advantage of bilingualism was even more e nounce in the older subjects. Compared with people who speak only one language, bilingual children and young adults be possessed of slightly smaller vocabularies and are slower when performing original verbal tasks, such as naming lists of animals or fruits. Bilingualism equally doesnt just apply to the small percentage of people who are perfectly fluent in two tongues. In the same fashion, bilinguals might speak beautifully in one language without being able to read or write it. Moreover, they whitethorn have acquired their second tongue as a child, a teen, or an adult.Wang, (2010) affirms that A lifetime of speaking two or more languages appears to pay off in old age, with recent research showing the symptoms of dementia can be delayed by an average of four years in bilingual people. Multilingualism doesnt delay the onset of dementiathe brains of people who speak multiple languages still show physical signs of deteriorationbut the process of speaking two or more languages appear s to enable people to develop skills to better cope with the early symptoms of memory-robbing diseases, including Alzheimers.Over time, regularly speaking more than one language appears to strengthen skills that boost the brain called cognitive reserve, a capacity to work even when stressed or damaged. This build-up of cognitive reserve appears to help bilingual people as they age. Specifically, the advantages of bilingualism are approximation to be related to a brain function known as inhibitory or cognitive control the ability to stop paying attention to one thing and focus on something else, says Dr. Bialystok (2004). Fluent speakers of more than one language have to use this skill continually to silence one language in their minds, while communicating in another.People who are bilingual are often asked which language they think in, but when people are walking blast the street, riding a bus, or jogging in the woods, their thoughts may not be in a particular language, points out Francois Grosjean, author of the research-based Bilingual vitality and Reality. Parker-Jones, (2012) and his colleagues used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether neuronal activation differs in bilinguals and monolinguals during picture naming and reading aloud when only one language is in use.They found that when a bilingual person names pictures or reads sacred scriptures aloud, in their native or nonnative language, activation was high by the monolingual in 5 left hemisphere regions dorsal precentral gyrus, pars triangularis, pars opercularis, superior temporal gyrus, and planum temporale. They further proved that these areas are sensitive to increasing demands on speech production in a monolingual person. This suggests that the advantage of being bilingual comes at the price of increased work in brain areas that body forth monolingual word processing.By comparing the effect of bilingualism across a range of tasks, they argue that activation is higher(prenominal) in bilingual speakers as compared with monolingual speakers because word retrieval is more demanding. Furthermore, articulation of each word, by bilingual speakers, is less rehearsed. In addition, speech output needs careful monitoring to avoid errors when contender for word choice occurs between, as well as within, language.The Parker-Jones (2012) teams conclusions offer novel insights into the effect of bilingualism on brain function. They emphasize that the advantage of being bilingual comes at the expense of increased demands on word retrieval and articulation, even in simple picture naming and reading tasks. The Parker-Jones (2012) team also has shown images of the increased activation for bilinguals relative to monolinguals during overt picture naming and reading aloud, even when bilinguals are only responding in their native language.The areas where these effects were observed are remarkably consistent with those previously associated with low- versus hig h-frequency picture naming in ones native language and the control of interference in bilinguals as they respond in a dual language context. Their findings suggest that bilinguals increase processing within a system that is also used in monolinguals (Abutalebi & Green, 2007). However, they contrast sharply with the idea of a unique and helpful bilingual system that exploits resources that are untapped in monolinguals Baker and Shalinsky (2008).By including multiple tasks, they have been able to interpret the function of the areas where activation is higher in bilinguals than monolinguals. In addition, by including multiple groups, and only testing in a single language context, they were able to control for differences between native versus nonnative language. In the final analysis, attaining fluency in two or more languages not only looks fabulous like an advantage on college and job applications, it actually presents opportunities in many corners of life completely denied to the mo nolingual.The advantage of being bilingual now has science behind it. My research proves that the list of advantages includes, staving off dementia, improved cognitive skills, and heightened creativity. Moreover, bilingual speakers have an easier time focusing on tasks, and greater control over literacy skills which is heightened by environmental awareness. Additionally, bilinguals have an easier time switching between tasks have denser grey matter, faster response time, and higher scores on intelligence tests.References Flora, C. (2010, October). Double Talk. Psychology Today. 70-79. Wang, S. S. (2010, October 12). Building a more resilient brain. The Wall passage Journal. Retrieved from http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748703794104575 545923443462444. html Parker Jones1, O. , Green2. D, W. , Grogan3, A. , Pliatsikas4, C. , Filippopolitis1, K. , Ali5, N. , Lee6, H. L. ,Price1, C. J(2012). Where, When and Why Brain Activation Differs for Bilinguals and Monolinguals durin g Picture Naming and Reading Aloud.Oxford University Press. 22 (4). Retrieved from http//cercor. oxfordjournals. org/content/22 /4/892. full Grosjean, F. (2012, November). Linguistic Aspects of puerility Bilingualism. Bilingual Life and Reality. Harvard University Press. Abutalebi, J. , Brambati, S. M. , Annoni, J. M. , Moro, A. , Cappa, S. F. , & Perani, D. (2007). The neural cost of the auditory perception of language switches an event-related fMRI study in bilinguals. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 13762-13769.

How to End a Relationship? Essay

What is love? They say love is a heterogeneous conglomeration of absurdity calculated to bamboozle the anatomy of the individualistic who becomes intoxicated with its abominable and irresistible power. Love is a feeling you feel when you feel that you atomic number 18 going to get a feeling that you never tangle before. Many pile engage in births and invest emotionally because of love. barely then again, in almost cases we conscionable hear that a cognise couple end up breaking up. Reasons why? That is the number oppugn that immediately enters into the pots mind whenever they hear break up stories. These people mistook infatuation for love.They intertwined these two words infatuation and love. These two are totally different press is ruled by feelings provided loves feelings are ruled by principle. In the field of infatuation, the feelings are in charge. But the problem is that our feelings are fickle. They change easily. Today you feel great, so you fondle her. Tomorr ow you feel terrible, so you kick her.That is non love Infatuation is blind, but love sees and examines. Infatuation is in a hurry, but love takes time. Infatuation is obsessed with externals, but love is concerned with internals. Infatuation is a human ditch, but love is a divine ladder and lastly, Infatuation is childish but love is mature. These are the things that sometimes a average being struggles especially when at the middle of his/her relationship he/she founds out that he/she does not real love him/her at all. So sad isnt it? And redden to the extent that they dont know how to break lose of that relationship. People often question how? How can I tell her/him it is already over? I am afraid to hurt her, I am afraid that he/she might not be able to accept it. Common clichs and excuses we hear e genuinelyday from those individuals who arent happy with their lover anymore. What one needs to do is talk with his/he partner. Communication is the most important thing to preven t further damages especially in the emotional aspect of the person. Tell him/her everything you feel, everything that is inside of your heart.Never treat it or wear mask. It will just keep him/her on expecting that everything is still going fine and good. Set a time, a time when both of you are at peace, emotionally and spiritually. Talk with her in a place that is private, a place free from communication barriers. Communicating our own true feelings is not easy, and does not come naturally so one has to be really prepared. It is a skill that needs to be learned with patience and perseverance. But we communicate meaningfully only when we take the risk of revealing our inner selves, our inner feelings and sharing our real feelings. Do not directly jump into break up even at the beginning of the conversation. First, explain to her that for all the years or time you have been with her was amazing, that you treasured it most. You cherished the memories you shared together. You are happ y to see her that very moment. Never throw words that will only keep him/her hanging and expecting that is if you still have a plan of getting back into her in the future. But the very proper is say words that are pointblank. Words that are not hurtful, words that says your feelings but does not leave a scar, although it is just normal to be hurt after each breakups. Tell her that there are just things that are uncontrollable, events that are inevitable. Say that you do not want that your relationship will just cause you to hurt someone if you keep on continuing it well in fact you are no longer happy.You just cannot force yourself to continue something that is out of your will. You are not longer happy with what is going on with your relationship or maybe you still have some things to do, to achieve and to fulfill. After saying these things, let him/ he understand fully you stand. Do not end your conversation without letting her comprehend and see things in the aspect that does not give a negative impression about himself/ herself.Keep the friendship. Even if you are not couples or lovers already, make a stopping point to keep the friendship alive between the two of you. May be you two are not just meant to be lovers but just friends. permit you friendship stay and never let it be destroyed by anything. Never leave the place until you post things up, yes it is impossible to just easily patch things up after a break up but just have a try, no one dies if he/she tries right? Break up is not an easy experience especially when you are really in love with the person. But what can you do when your partner is not already happy, at ease or contented? Nothing You can never force someone to stay and to love you forever. Let us remember that there are those people who are just really meant to be our friends while there is only one who God destined for us, to be our lifetime partner.

A Comparison of Two Poems by Black Poets Essay

Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes are twain of the most recognized African American poets of the Harlem Renaissance. Countee Cullens Yet Do I Marvel and Langston Hughes I, also are comparable rimes in that their interchangeable themes are representational of the authors personal tribulations of racial contrast. By analyse these two poesys, we get a glimpse of the reality of the injustices of racism during the 1920s by two bombastic Black poets.Cullen and Hughes were born within a socio-economic class of each other, and consequently wrote these poems in the same year (1925). This is significant because it reflects the fourth dimension in which racial inequality was prominent. Both poets were struggling with their emotions of being African American minorities in a society of White superiority. Their poems reflect the injustice of racism, which is especially revealed in Langston Hughes poem I, in addition.Most poems are filled with symbolism and abstract ideas, and I, same wise is an example of such. This poem does not rhyme, nor prison term patter truly be measured. In order to understand and grasp the meaning behind this poem, it demand to be read a few times. Sometimes certain aspects of a poem can be overlooked. For example, in the first line of the poem, I, too, sing America (line 1), Hughes cleverly uses an allusion as he is referring to Walt Whitmans, Song of Myself, which entails similar themes. In Hughes poem, the vocalizer is addressing the country as a whole. Hughes use of excellent language and vivid imagination effectively expresses the speakers feelings towards racism.This poem explores the injustices of racism through the eyes of a black consideration working for a white family. He tells us that he is sent to the kitchen when company comes. Every time he is sent away, instead of demonstrating anger, he laughs. This demonstrates that the speaker is a strong character with self poise. Hughes uses fiction when he says tomorrow (line 8). He is indicating that the word tomorrow implies the future. He has faith that in the course of time, everyone allow for become equal, Tomorrow, /Ill be at the table /When company comes. /Nobodyll dare/Say to me, / eat up in the kitchen,/Then. (lines 8-14). The speaker then explains that America will be ashamed of having discriminated against him and otherAfrican Americans. The apex that Hughes is trying to make clear is that African Americans are Americans too, thus they should not be discriminated against for the color of their skin.The themes stand for in Hughes poems are similar to those exemplified in Countee Cullens poem, Yet Do I Marvel. However, a major difference between the poems lies in the format. Cullens poem is a sonnet, with a rhyming contrivance of ABAB BCBC DD EE FF GG (every other line rhymes, with the exception of the conk out two which rhyme consecutively). The natural flow of this poem helps us (the reader) become more engaged in Cullens anguish filled p ortrayal of racial injustices.Like Hughes poem, Cullens poem is also about the battle of racial identity, yet in addition, he uses religion and mythology to further express the speakers struggle with racial injustices. Although the theme of racial inequality is common in both poems, Cullens poem focuses more on the speakers constant reference to religion and the justification of Gods will. Unlike the hope that the speaker explicated in Hughes poem, the speaker in Cullens poem starts out having faith in God, I doubt not God is good, well-meaning, kind, (line 1). However, he ulterior contradicts his faith in God due to the hardships of discrimination that African Americans plyd in the last lines of the poem, Yet do I marvel at this curious thing /To make a poet black, and bid him sing (lines 13-14).We confab the speakers lack of faith in God throughout the poem, which emphasizes his frustration and affliction with having to endure the everyday struggles of being discriminated agai nst for being black. He uses mythology to further depreciate Gods actions by disagreeing with His punishments, take for/ If merely brute caprice dooms Sisyphus/ To Struggle up a never-ending stair. (lines 6-8). The narrator is essentially intend that Gods punishments are unfair cruelty, not only towards figures from Greek mythology, but towards him as well. The speaker considers Gods actions to be unreasonable, and we see this in his bitter words, Inscrutable His ways are, and immune/ To catechism by a mind too strewn (lines 9-10).The comparison of Cullens Yet do I Marvel and Hughes I, Too lies strongly in the last two lines of Cullens poem. He finally tells us, straightforward, where his animosity lies. In the last two lines, he vehemently tells us that he finds it unfair that because he is a black poet, his share will not be heard he will be ignored and pushed aside, just like the speaker in Hughes poem. However, the two poems also contrast with each other in that Cullens poem concludes with the speaker reiterating his unequivocal feelings of inferiority and lack of faith. Hughes poem closes in a more positive trend wherein the speaker asserts his faith and pride in declaring his right to be treated equal.Even with all of the incompatible aspects of these two poems, they do share a principle theme of racial inequality. Additionally, in these two poems Hughes and Cullen were addressing the aggregate society. They wanted to voice their concerns with racial discrimination. With Hughes use of vivid imagery and Cullens use of symbolism, they collectively utilized the art of poetry to effectively illustrate and express personal hardships of African Americans.

iDecisionTM Case Essay

For more information on iDecisionTM, revel contact Sanjib Ghosh sajib.goshtechmahindra.com Ramesh Kumar Koona rameshkumar_koonamahindrasatyam.comAbout Tech Mahindra Tech Mahindra is a planetary systems integrator and ancestry duty period consulting trusty focused on the communications industry. Tech Mahindra helps companies innovate and transform by leveraging its unique insights, identify serve ups and flexible break-dancenering models. This has helped customers reduce operating costs, gene order new revenue streams and gain competitive advantage. For over two decades, Tech Mahindra has been the chosen transformation partner for wireline, wireless and broadband operators well-nigh the world.Tech Mahindras capabilities span across channel Support Systems (BSS), Operations Support Systems (OSS), Network Design & Engineering, Next extension Networks, Mobility, Security Consulting, Testing, and other aras. Tech Mahindras solutions portfolio includes Consulting, Application Development & Management, Network Services, closure integration, Product Engineering, Managed Services, opposed Infrastructure Management and BPO. Over 34,000 professionals service lymph nodes across the telecom eco-system, from a ball-shaped network of festering centers and sales offices across Americas, Europe, Middle-east, Africa and Asia-Pacific. Tech Mahindra is the largest telecomfocused solutions provider and 5th largest software exporter from India.www.techmahindra.comAbout Mahindra Satyam Mahindra Satyam (OTC SAYCY) is a leading global contrast and information applied science services company that leverages deep industry and functional expertise, leading technology practices, and an advanced, global delivery model to help clients transform their highest-value vexation carry throughes and improve their business performance. The Companys professionals excel in enterprise solutions, supply chain management, client relationship management, business intelligence, busin ess process quality, engineering and product lifecycle management, and fundament services, among other notice capabilities.Mahindra Satyam is part of the US$ 8.25 billion Mahindra Group, a global industrial conglome vagabond and one of the top 10 industrial firms found in India. The Groups interests span financial services, automotive products, trade, retail and logistics, information technology and infrastructure development. Mahindra Satyam development and delivery centers in the US, Canada, Brazil, the UK, Hungary, Egypt, UAE, India, China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Australia serve numerous clients, including many Fortune 500 organizations.iDecisionsA Packaged Analytical Application for backing Transformationwww.mahindrasatyam.comCopyright 2011 Tech Mahindra All rights reserved.iDecisions a packaged uninflected application for business transformation iDecisions is a packaged, custom-friendly, open analytics application with industry solution sets across Banking, Insurance, T elecom, Airlines, Manufacturing, Retail, Travel and Logistics, Education, Pharmaceutical and Healthcare. The solution consists of naiant solution sets for Finance, HR, Procurement, Sales and customer intelligence. iDecisions enables efficient business management through effective information integration and information depth psychology to help generate business insight and drive innovation. It incorporates industry scoop out practices in name performance indicators (KPI), logical selective information models, analytical templates, dashboards and processes.iDecisions Telecom Solution for On-premise implementations and Cloud victimisation Microsoft BI stack iDecisions provides a unique, powerful resolution to an all too common telecommunications industry conundrum. It incorporates industry best practices into an analytical application suite that turns decision making from an art to a science. iDecisions for telecom companies is formed around the following key vitrine areas1BI Implementation Roadblocks Unclear byplay Requirements2 eight-fold Data Sources3Time to market4Proprietary Technology StandardsiDecisions for TelecomApplication EnginesCustomer Value Fraud Detection Churn Prediction RFM scoring Behavior ScoringBest Practices inventory manufacturing Standard Business Definition Unified Data ModelBest Practices InventoryIndustry Standard (XML, CWM) Standard Technology StackAnalytical ApplicationsCustomer IntelligenceSubscriber Intelligence adjure IntelligenceUsage IntelligenceMarketing IntelligenceSales Intelligence taxation IntelligenceRevenue & Margin AnalysisNetwork IntelligenceFault ManagementSolution ComponentsAdaptive Architecture useful ArtifactsCall Pattern IntelligenceProduct Affinity Roaming Intelligence Channel Intelligence Mobile turn Portability Intelligence Contact Center IntelligenceRevenue AssurancePerformance ManagementData Integration Hub How iDecisionsTM addresses BI implementation roadblocksChurn Intelligence Customer Life cycle in Converged networksCredit & Collections social status & LoyaltyTraffic Management Demand forecasting & Capacity PlanningCore Post salaried Pre Paid Fixed Line Data Converged Network Video CableBenefits of iDecisionsTMPackaged, customization-friendly, open analytical solution Industry best practices in KPIs, analytical templates, dashboards and processes Modular nature allows clients to pick and implement entirely selective modules Complements Microsoft BI Capability Highly customizable to suit each customers unique BI needs Reduces time-to-market Minimizes encounter of failed implementation iDecisionsTM is a pre-built BI solution that is also available on profane which enables organizations to access information and perform intelligent analysis over a virtual environment.Significant advantages of iDecisionsTM on Cloud offerings include Low upfront infrastructure investments, lower maintenance and software licensing costs Just-in-time infrastructure with dynamic capacity manag ement saves cost Businesses can turn capital expenses to variable operating expenses shrivel up of processing time due to parallelization addresses key difficulties surrounding large scale data processingiDecisions based solutions are also available on obnubilate iDecisions based pre-packaged BI solutions are offered on cloud platform as well. The cloud solutions can be offered either on Mahindra Satyams own data centers or on third party data centers. TMTMCustomer is risk-free the risk is completely skewed towards the service provider Usage-based costing Multi-tenant12Architectural depiction of iDecisions using Microsoft BI Stack The vertical-specific data models from iDecisions are wrapped with relevant ETL and OLAP tools to create end-to-end BI solutions and these solutions are hosted on a cloud platform. The security aspects of cloud computing are well addressed by the iDecisions BI solution which has three layers of securities built OS-level security, DB level security and Application level security.ClientsScale-up support by Database design Schema design Physical design Hardware selection and configuration bundle selection and configuration Data loading Query specification and tuningSECURITY LAYER34Case Study 1Telecom Major in BahrainCase Study 2Telecom Major in MauritiusAbout the Client The client is a leading mobile and data services operator with licenses in 7 Middle Eastern and 15 sub-Saharan African countries. With employee efficacy of 15,000, the client provides comprehensive guide of mobile voice and data services to over 50.74 million psyche and business customers with revenue of $ 3 billion. Business Challenges/Needs of the Client The client wanted to address its key challenges such as Changing consumer preferences Growing cost Lack of good understanding of customer demeanor Unavailability of information on customer travail Unavailability of standardized reporting on organizational basis Unavailability of reports on time Migration fro m operation to analytics Scattered data source Mahindra Satyams Solution Mahindra Satyam deployed a comprehensive solution leveraging its business intelligence solution accelerator iDecisions.The solution provided unify information to senior management and the ability to execute ad-hoc reporting. The solution helped client to undertake data analysis with data visualization capabilities in Customer Intelligence, Usage Intelligence, Marketing and Revenue Intelligence along with the subject areas such as Churn Management, Loyalty Intelligence, Sales Management, Call Pattern / CDR intelligence. iDecisions Telecom modules implemented for this declare oneself included Customer Intelligence, Usage Intelligence, Marketing and Revenue Intelligence. The solution helped assess customer behaviour and pro-actively design marketing programs and identify cross sell / up-sell opportunities besides improving profitability by effective track of product/customer channel relationships.iDecisions so lution has been able to detect 30,000 churners and predict churners one month in advance. The customer loyalty & retention analytics along with the sales management analytics has resulted in customer retention rate of 33%. Thus out of a tote up of 30,000 probable churners, a total of 9,900 were retained.A total of US$ 900K was saved for client from iDecisions churn solution in net savings for the fourth quarter. Business Benefits delivered to Client Detected 30,000 churners and predict churners one month in advance Customer retention rate of 33% Comprehensive view of information, from very highly mass summary information to the underlying events and degree transactions, for top management Savings to the tune of US$ 900K State of art analysis tools to aid the business users in performing data analysis with analytical and data visualization capabilities Analytics based reports rather than besides operational Ability to slice, dice and ad-hoc reporting for deeper understanding of cu stomer behaviour Ability to asses insights on churn behaviour of subscribers thereby aiding to strategize new marketing initiativesAbout the ClientThe client is a leading service provider of cellular telephony in the Republic of Mauritius. It provides GSM and UTMS, GSM, GPRS, 3G/UMTS as well as 3.5G/HSDPA and WiMAX networks and offers a range of value-added services telecommunications services throughout the country.Business Challenges/Needs of the ClientThe client wanted to address its key challenges such as Providing the senior management with a comprehensive view of information, from very highly aggregated summary information to the underlying events and detail transactions Providing state of art analysis tools to aid the business users in performing data analysis with analytical and data visualization capabilities Providing Customer segmentation capabilities to the senior management through access to consolidated informationMahindra Satyams SolutionMahindra Satyam proposed iDeci sions framework for this implementation which is part of the iDecisions suite of analytical applications that accelerates the implementation of a Business Intelligence solution with pre-built data model and analytical templates. Besides allowing the client to easily turn the volumes of data they collect and store into meaningful information, the implementation of business intelligence and data warehouse solution covered all the subject areas such as subscription intelligence, gripe pattern intelligence, roaming intelligence, revenue & margin intelligence, campaign intelligence, churn intelligence and sales intelligence.Business BenefitsThe solution helped the client to align BI technology initiatives closely with their business strategy and vision through the following benefits Business Intelligence Analysis Advanced Analytics Dashboards Strategic Decision Making

Psychodynamic and Behavioural Essay

IntroductionIn this essay Im going to describe and try the core theoretical perspectives in focal plosive speech sound, behavioral, cognitive conductal, benignantistic and psychodynamic theories, the view of the near wizard in therapy, the blocks to functioning of the person in therapy and the destinations and techniques of each hypothesis. I get stunned comp ar and contrast the climbes looking at the similarities and differences between the advocate perspectives and how the pleader in each theory differ in their techniques to counselor-at-law their guests. This essay impart feed and contrast the workings of the four-spot major theories of focusing psychology mainly psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral and person-centred. depression I will describe what counselling entails, introducing each in turn.My discussion will examine the four theories or admittancees for a history of the founder and a reasonablee for why they were led to introducing a juvenile therapy approach and a sketch of the key concepts. Further, I will look at methods and make fores employed by each theory, the respective roles played by the therapist and the leaf node and the various situations to which the theory crapper be applied. Fin onlyy I will examine the limitations of the theory and how well it integrates with other approaches.Throughout this paper I will offer my own view of the issues at hand and in so doing attempt a synthesis of the four theories The aim of writing this essay is to widen my knowledge and penetration of the four theories, their backgrounds and give wayment, their ideologies and how they turn kind behaviour. This academic essay is going to form part of the requirements for the award of Diploma in counselling studies at the Kenya Association of Professional counsellors in Kisumu. focal pointThe function of counselling is to ease raft to declaration problem aras in their look. counselor trys an opportunity for the person to explore the difficult feelings, thoughts and behaviours that buzz off blocked the carriage to satisfying relationships, own(prenominal) happiness. The purpose of counselling is to help invitees deliver the goods their personal goals, and gain greater insight into their lives. One hopes that by the end of this forge maven will be moresatisfied with his or her life. Counselling is not a process where the counsellor tells the client what he or she should do or decides choices for the client to make. Rather it is an opportunity for the client to come to a greater get wording of the person that he or she is with the help of the counsellor.Counselling is to assist individuals through a helping relationship to make repositions and adjustments in their lives to alleviate stress and reduce unrest. To create and discover choices those ar available to counsellor in regularise to eliminate disallow results from challenging situations. The client relationship with their counsellor is confi dential. No information concerning the client will be released without their consent. Counselling does not provide instant answers. The frequency of the person visits will be unflinching by the client and their counsellor. Living in the modern world, surrounded by confusion and at quantify apparent chaos, we are all often exposed to difficulties and challenging situation. We all encounter problems much(prenominal)(prenominal) as relationship difficulties, work demands, financial obligations, unemployment, divorce or other pressures we whitethorn face on a daily basis. Psychodynamic TheoryPsychodynamic theories relate in some authoritys to the way we feel and exculpate as individuals and seek to provide a framework for us to understand these formulas of our personalities often our knowledges in childhood and peculiarly our early relationships. Much of psychodynamic thinking from Freuds theory of psychosexual development (Freud, 1905) to Winnicotts work with children in that respect is a recognition that we develop patterns in behaviour early in our lives that will shape the way we relate to the world as such these theories are known as developmental theories (Spurling, 2004, pg. 2). Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)The psychodynamic theory was offshoot postulated by Sigmund Freud as psychoanalysis in essence learned in overcoming his emotional pain, the dynamics of spirit development (Corey, 2000) He developed an interest in hypnosis which was an early precursor of psychotherapy. First Born of a Viennese family of three boys and girls, he receive from medical educate and became a psychotherapist Basic Assumptions and list ConceptsThe counselling theories all encompass healing(p) techniques as well as a model of the piece personality. Freuds views of human nature was that the human cosmoss was throwled by irrational forces and instinctual drives established in childhood whereby raft are products of their purlieus and innate unconscious forces. These instincts serve as a meaning of survival for the individual where the goal of life is to enhance pleasure and avoid pain. The reviewed human personality as comprising of three elements The IDThe primitive, it is instinctive, illogical, lacks organization, seeks pleasure. Hereditary f motivateors are represented by the ID.the Id has no judgement value (good vs evil) and has no morality. The EGORefined by the nexus with the outside world the self-importance is realistic, organized and logical. Super EgoRepresenting the authority figures, the super ego is judgemental, rootl, strives for nonpareil and informs the persons moral code. It represents reality of the external world. Freud believed that for psychological health all three had to be in balance (Hough, 2002) the egos role was to balance the conflicting demands between the id and the super ego that led to tension in order to protect the ego from negatively charged faculty demurral mechanisms develop these include denial, r epression, regression and others.He saw human development through stages denominated by changing cognisance and attitudes towards human sexuality organs. Accordingly, he devised the notion of libido which he refers to as the energy of all life instincts. This energy then is the motivation that drives us to the central goal of life which is to enhance pleasure and avoid pain. subsequently he came up with the death instincts that accounts for human aggression in his view, those unconscious drives determine how people interpret (Corey, 2000). Defence MechanismsAccording to psychoanalysis, when an individual faces a conflict among the ID, ego and super ego over the control of psychic ( sound judgement) energy, he adopts several defence mechanisms to cope with the challenges. While all defence mechanisms brush aside be unhealthy, they canister also be adaptive and allow us to function normally. The greatest problems arise when the defence mechanismsare over used in order to avoid d ealing with problems. Class notes, certificate in counselling studies, 2014 Anxiety there are three types of fretfulness, one being reality anxiety which is in jotting with reality threat, second is neurotic anxiety which is concern those instincts that will get out of hand and thirdly moral anxiety which is fear of own conscience . So when anxiety state is in excess, one goes into ego defence mechanisms to be able to cope. This happens closely at the unconscious level and the aim is to each deny or distort (class notes, diploma in counselling studies, 2014, pg. 65) Reality examples of defence mechanisms include repression which acts to delay information out of conscious awareness. However these mechanisms dont just disappear they continue to fascinate our behaviour. E.g. a person who has repressed memories of abuse as a child, may later have worry forming relationship DisplacementTaking out our frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or objects that are less gruellin g egg if a boss has annoyed a person since he/she cannot argue with the boss he/she instead expresses anger towards a person or object that poses no threat such as spouse, pet or children or house maids. SublimationDiverging sexual or battleful energy to favorablely comportable behaviour, for example a person experiencing extreme anger might take up kickboxing as a means of venting frustrations, Development StagesFreud linked different kinds of conflicts to proper(postnominal) stages of a childs development, he classified these in terms of areas of the body, he believed to represent the source of childs libido on sexual instinct at the period he termed them oral, from birth to 1 family, anal from 1 year to 3years, phallic from 3 to 6 years, latent from 6 to 12 years and genital from 12 to 18years. Freud believed that if a child does not negotiate any of this stages, they get fixated that is they psychologically remain in that stage and do not strickle in effect to the others. For example you may find a 12 year grey-haired still sucking the thumb, a characteristic of the oral stage. The adolescent is inturmoil as she/he discovers the self. GoalsThe goal is psychodynamic theory is one to modify individuals character by making the unconscious conscious and two to strengthen the ego so that behaviour is based more on reality than on instinct. TechniquesThere are many techniques used to facilitate the clients to gain insight into their behaviour and meaning of symptoms and they include, free tie-in whereby clients are made to relax so that they can reflect whatever comes to their mind uncensored tied(p) if it is disagreeable or if it seems meaningless and this is to bring forth material from unconscious mind (Jones, 2006) another one is dream analysis where during sleep the defences are lowered and repressed feelings surface.These may point to some undetermined issues, and in transference analysis, transference manifest itself at the point when a clients bare business causes them to distort the present reality and to react to therapist as they did to the father, mother as authoritative others. Through Freudian slip or slips of the tongue, unconscious thoughts and feelings can be transferred to conscious minds. Freud believed that slips of tongue provide an insight into the unconscious mind and not accidental and every behaviour including slips of the tongue was evidential and so determining behaviour (Corey, 2001) Limitations and WeaknessesSome of the ideas (penis envy, Oedipus) are outdated in terms of our contemporary world, and it is questioned by some theorists/practitioners whether these concepts are clinically useful It takes a long time commitment in terms of time and resources to complete the psychoanalytic therapy and process. His fellow proponent Carl Jung maintains that our behaviour is not merely shaped by our bygone events only but by the present as well as the future. Erik ErikssonFreud did not tolerate divergent views from himself and this led his contemporaries and students establishing their own theoretical approaches, these included Alfred Adler (1870-1937) who introduced what he calls (individual psychology) in 1911 another one was Erik Eriksson 1963 wide his theory of psychosocial perspective by stressing thepsychosocial aspects of development beyond childhood. His theory of human development holds that both psychosexual and psychosocial growth take place together and that each stage in life we face the chore of establishing equilibrium between ourselves and our social lives. He describes development in terms of the entire lifespan change integrity by specific crisis to be re adjudicated. He describe the crisis as turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or regress. To large extend our life is as a result of the choices we make at each of these stages. behavioural Theory doings therapy, lie its name implies is the psychotherapy that concentrate ones on the change or improvement of behaviour rather than the healing of the heart or the mind as Jan Ehrenwald called it psychotherapy without psyche (Ehrenwald, 1976) although its main focus is on the behaviour only, however, in its clinical approach, behavioural therapy has been used to treat variety of disorders such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders and sexual disorders etc. to a fault the clinical approach behaviour therapy has been used in the area of business, schools and rehabilitation centres.Furthermore behaviour modifications, though slightly different approach but based upon similar techniques and assumptions are also used to sink undesirable behaviour and promote adaptive behaviours in our daily life. As an overall theory the typical emphasis is on overwhelming role of environmental contingencies in influencing the acquisition and maintenance of behaviour (Jones, 2006) Pavlovs Greco-Roman conditioning.Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) research on the digestive system of dogs led to his discovery of the classical conditioning process which demonstrate that the learning process could be used to make an association between an environmental arousal and a naturally occurring stimulus the underlying belief in classical conditioning is that behaviour can be controlled and that human beings can be made to do things without being aware of them just as Pavlov was able to condition a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell.This experiment shows that the environment can be manipulated to produce the desired behaviour or response, for example in counselling the client can be conditioned to produce the desired result for example to undo a negative practice such as fear. Pavlovs researches intoconditioned reflex were essential to the founding of behaviour therapy (Jones, 2006). Skinners operative BehaviourismB.F Skinner (1904-1990) was innate(p) in Susquehanna Pennsylvania. He came up with the concept of operant conditioning which demonstrated the effect of pun ishment and reinforcement on behaviour. According to him, final payment and punishment make people behave in certain ship canal, positive reinforcement aims to increase the frequency of a response by alter it with a favourable event (rewards) while negative reinforcement makes use of punishment, withdrawal of the rewards. The term operant emphasizes the fact that behaviour operates on the environment to generate consequences.Thus the consequences define the properties with respect to which responses are viewed as similar He acknowledged that Pavlov called all events that strengthened behaviour in his dog reinforcement and the resulting changes their volunteer behaviour conditioning. However, the critical difference is that in Pavlovs work, the reinforced is paired with stimulus, whereas in operant behaviour it is contingent upon a response. Classical and operant conditioning are the only two manageable kinds of conditioning. (Jones, 2006) Albert Banduras Social learningBandura(1 925) was born and raised in Mundare in Northern Alberta, Canada he graduated from the university of British Colombia with a psychology major and later received a doctorate in clinical psychology from university of IOWA and it was there that he came under the influence of behaviourist tradition and learning theory. He propagated social learning theory. It postulates that people are capable of learning vicariously by observing behaviourism of others as well as its consequences and imitating that behaviour. The key learning aspects include observation, retention, and motivational imitation. (Jones, 2006) GoalsMain goal is to create modernistic condition for learning. The behavioural approach helps produce legal ways of managing conditions of the client through behaviour modifications techniques and the principles of reward and punishments. It is assumed that such learning experiences can restructure behaviour. AssumptionsThe main assumption of behavioural approach is that behaviours learnt can be unlearnt for example the unacceptable behaviour such as smoking can be stopped. TechniquesBehavioural approaches use a variety of methods and techniques which include relaxation training, systematic desensitization, token economies just to mention a few. These training methods are often utilized to help people learn new(a) ways and overmaster maladaptive behaviours. Relaxation training method aims at achieving muscles and mental relaxation, it is a useful experience in releasing sensible and mental fatigue. While systematic desensitization is based on the principle of classical conditioning and is used to address anxiety based on maladaptive behaviour or escape reaction (Corey, 2001) Limitations and WeaknessesBehaviour Change is based on the idea of learning and that behaviour can be learnt and unlearnt and re-learnt contrary opinions show that some behaviours are hereditary (genetic) also behavioural approach deals with a clients current problems and the factors t hat influence them rather than the reasons leading to the problem or historical determinants. The counsellor assumes that the clients problems are influenced by present conditions for example at time it ignores the important relational and historical factors of present behaviour. cognitive Behavioural TherapyIn its simplest form, cognitive behavioural therapy (or CBT as it is referred) refers to the approach of changing nonadaptive behaviours and thoughts to realistic and healthy ones. CBT encompasses several types of therapy focvictimization on the impact of an individuals thinking as it relates to expressed behaviours. Such models include rational emotive therapy(RET),rational emotive behavioural therapy(REBT), behavioural therapy (BT), able Behaviour Therapy (RBT), abstract focused therapy and cognitive therapy (CT).Most recently a few other variations have been linked to CBT such as an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectic behavioural therapy (DBT) and mindfulnes s based cognitive therapy ( MBCT) (Harrington and Pickles,2009). The main aspect that all these branches of therapy share is that our thought relate to our external behaviours.External events and individuals do not cause the negative thoughts or feelings. But instead the perception of events and situations is the root cause (National Association of Cognitive Behavioural therapists 2010) Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)Albert Ellis (1913) was born in Pittsburgh he combined humanistic, philosophical and behavioural therapy to form rational emotive therapy, (now known as rational emotive behaviour therapy or REBT) Ellis can be referred to as the grandfather of cognitive therapy. Ellis became dissatisfied with practicing psychoanalysis and psychotherapy and began to focus more on philosophical beliefs including those that clients could change self-defeating behaviours by changing their points of View (P.333, Sharf, 2012) Ellis was the first to connect the impact of thoughts as they relate to behaviour when he published in 1962, Reason and Emotion psychotherapy (Walsh, 2010) Ellis work asserted that an individuals underlying thinking about him/herself preparely affected his/her behaviours and as a therapist his goal was to help the clients move around more reasonable in thoughts and ultimately followed behaviours. AssumptionsThe basic assumptions of REBT is that people contribute to their own psychological problem as well as to specific symptom by the way they interpret events and situations. The approach views human problem as stemming from disturbances in the thought or cognitive process which people are disturbed not by events themselves but by their view of events. Emotions are derived from our beliefs, evaluation, interpretation and reactions to life situations and that changing these will lead to a change in how we feel about things and consequently how we behave or the actions we take (Corey 2005) The approaches teaches individuals to become ratio nal in thoughts in order to eliminate irresponsible behaviour Ellis created the A-B-C theory based model to create changes which simply states that emotional and behavioural consequences (C) are the results activating events.(A) And irrational beliefs (B) of those events. by and by D and E are bought into play with (D) representing the detecting and disputing element and (E) becomes the new effect or behaviour. some other techniques used in REBT that are major component of CBT are visualizations, science training, homework and role playacting many believe that Ellis REBT and Becks cognitive are very similar, however, Ellis disputes this and argues that there are significant differences, as do some therapists who take the side of Beck and favour cognitive therapy (Padesky and Beck, 2003,2007) Cognitive TheoryAaron T. Beck (6 1921) was born in Providence, Rhode Island. His childhood was characterized by adversity. Aaron Becks is widely renowned for his contribution to CBT. In the 19 60s Becks, who initially was arouse in depression, found the depressed individuals carried many biases in their cognitive processing leading him to create Cognitive Theory (C.T) (Burns, 1999.) Beck noticed that individuals exhibit an internal communication system within themselves, from which they formed their beliefs or what Beck called synopsis (Shard, p371). An individuals schema represents their distorted thinking patterns and determines how they view or perceive events. For those that are depressed, the schema often consists of negative thoughts along with self- criticism and self-blame. More specifically, this cognitive schema presented three basic themes of personal ineffectiveness, personal degradation, and the world is essentially an unpleasant place (Walsh, 2010).This type of thinking commonly resulted in individuals prophesying failure and contingency for themselves. He also noticed during therapy that his depressed clients accordantly dismissed positive thoughts in o rder to focus on the negative thoughts. Many of such thoughts seemed to be automatic and spontaneous, leading him to coin the phrase ANTs breach known as automatic negative thoughts. Such thoughts, ideas and beliefs resulted in clients believing that they were unlovable, worthless, and despicable. In 1976, Beck published Cognitive Therapies and the Emotional Disorders leading others to take notice of this concept. He also contributed to the field greatly with some of the most well-known and utilized assessments such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Beck scale for unsafe ideation (BSS), Beck anxiety scales (BAI), and the Beck youth inventories of social impairment (BYI).GoalCognitive therapy teaches clients how to think about their thinking so that they can correct faulty cognitive processing and develop assumptions thatallow them to cope. It also aims to impact behavioural skills relevant to clients problems for example listening and commu nication skills for distressed couples and assertion skills for shy people (Jones, 2006) TechniqueCognitive Behavioural Therapy is directive and persuasive and even confrontive, though it can also be reflective and structured in its approach (Corsini and Wedding 1995) the therapists takes on the role of a teacher pointing out distorted thinking helping the clients identify and process emotions and practicing new skills by way of role play. In cognitive therapy, There is a heavy reliance on homework assignments and it is very a lot skill based method. LimitationsCBT does not suit everyone and it is not helpful for all conditions. You need to be committed and opinionated in tackling and improving your health problem with the help of the therapist. It can be hard work. The homework may be difficult and challenging. You may be taken out of your comfort zone when tackling situations which cause anxiety or distress. However, many people have greatly welfareed from a course of CBT. In or der to benefit from cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) you need to ensure that you give a considerable level of commitment and involvement. imputable to the structured nature of CBT, it may not be suitable for people who have more complicated mental health demand, or learning difficulties. Cognitive Behaviour modificationDonald Meichenbaum was another major resource to rational emotive behaviour (CBM) which focuses on changing clients self-verbalization, according to Meichenbaum (1977), self-statements affect a persons behaviours in much the same way as statements made by another person the therapeutic process consists of training clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that they can cope more effectively with the problems they encounter. Emphasis on acquiring practical coping skills for problematic situations such as impulsive and aggressive behaviour, fear of taking tests, fear of public speaking. On how behaviour changes, he describes three phases one be ing self-observant, here clients observe theirbehaviours by listening to themselves then phase two is for starting a new internal dialogue, here clients learn to notice the maladaptive behaviours and begin to see opportunities for adaptive behavioural alternatives. variety three for learning new skills. Then modification process consists of teaching client more effective skills. AssumptionsMeichenbaum operates on the assumption that there are multiple realities and one of the therapeutic tasks is to help clients appreciate how they constrain their realities and how they author their stories (Corey 2001). Humanistic TheoryHumanistic theory focuses on the positive attributes to what they considered it is to be human. To better understand some of the attributes and notions of humanistic theory the following paper analysiss two humanistic theories in turn specifically Maslows conception of self-actualization and Rogers phenomenological based personality theory. This is followed by dis cussing some strengths and limitations to humanistic theories in understanding relationships, others and the self. Abraham Maslows power structure of needsAccording to Abraham Maslow our actions are motivated in order to achieve certain needs using a pyramid model to display the hierarchy of human needs he suggests that people are motivated to fulfil the basic needs before moving on to other more advanced needs. Needs at the bottom of the hierarchy are basic physical requirements including need of water, sleep, air and warmth. Once this lower level needs have been met. People can move to the next level of needs which are safety and security.as people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. So once the need for love, friendship and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization which is a process of growing and devel oping as a person in order to achieve individual potential. This Hierarchy of needs was presented in the formation of a triangle Person-CentredAmerican psychologist Carl Rogers (1902-1987) is often considered to befounder of this school of thought. Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois. Carl was the fourth of six children. He maintained there were three conditions which implant the climate to promote the personal growth Genuineness this is the realness and congruence. According to Rogers the more a counsellor is real and true in the relationship and is not putting up personal faade and professional face the more the client will change positively. Unconditional Positive Regard This is the simple act of accepting all traits and behaviours in the client as long as it does not entail causation significant harm to others.Positive regard is not withdrawn if the client does wrong or makes a mistake Empathy Rogers believed that the counsellor should experience an acc urate understanding of the clients awareness of his own experience and show this understanding to the client. Carl Rogers believed that the client by establishing a productive relationship with an understanding counsellor can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life. AssumptionThe main assumption is one that human beings are good and moving towards good provided the environment is supportive and two ,people have the capacity to solve their own problems through the self-actualizing tendency and thirdly human beings are unique, singular and individual. TechniquesHumanistic counselling is aimed at helping the counselling client make different choices. This type of counselling gives the client as much freedom to be himself in the counselling setting as possible. The counsellors role is to accept the client as she is and direct her to view her choices objectively, but not to impose choices on her or direct her behaviour in any particular manner. Human istic counselling includes active listening, gestalt techniques and no confrontational questioning. lively Listening Active listening helps the client identify his own thoughts and feelings by summarizing for him the content or subtext of what he says.For example, if the client says he feels uncreative lately, the counsellor might comment, Youre really having a dry spell, or It must be frustrating not to have any ideas when you want to work. This gives the client a sense experience of visibilitythe counsellor sees, understands and accepts who he really isas well as putting a specific name to what he is experiencing. In somecases, this gives the client new abilities to identify his own feelings outside of the therapy room. When using active listening, counsellors should be careful to reword emotional content rather than repeating it verbatim, as the last mentioned technique can come off as glib or not really listening. Gestalt TechniquesGestalt techniques are a subset of humanisti c counselling aimed at helping the client integrate her thoughts, feelings and experiences so her behaviour is consistent with her values and emotions, according to Psychology Today Treatment Centre. Common gestalt techniques include free association and psychodrama. In free association, the client is asked to say the first word or phrase that pops into her head in response to a word, phrase or incomplete sentence. Psychodrama involves dialoguing with aspects of the self, such as the inner child. Clients may be asked to reverse from one seat to another in order to speak from the point of view of each such aspect or to write out dialogues between these aspects. Open-Ended QuestionsAsking bold-ended questions helps the client debate deeper into his own thoughts about an issue. These questions provide a starting point for deeper thought without expressing the counsellors point of view, which could unduly influence the client. The questions require the client to say something more th an yes or no and avoid lyric poem that might lead him to a particular answer. Strengths and Weaknesses of Humanistic TheoriesAs with every theory designed for finishing in the understanding of mankind, Humanistic theories have both strengths and many weaknesses. Thus the following section will address the major strengths and weaknesses of Humanistic theory in turn. One of the major strengths attributed to Humanistic theory is the idea that the subject is fully accountable and in control of their actions. This is in stark contrast to the notions behind psychoanalysis. lead from this assumption is the notion that humanistic theories promote the idea of being human, self-fulfilment and realistic and observable goals that can be obtained. A final strength to Humanistic theory is the idea that from a clinical perspective it offers an open space in which a patent can express any feeling of thought without being led down apath to revisit traumatic events which they may not feel snug dis cussing.One of the major weaknesses with Humanistic theories is lack of data-based evidence to support its claims. Academics such as Maslow have been widely criticized in this respect in terms of an absence of scientific empirical evidence. A advance and related criticism of Humanistic theories is their inability and unsuitability to be used within a metaphysical arena. While Freud and contemporary Freudians managed to move towards ethics and morality through the same criticism of lack of empirical evidence, Humanistic theories have yet to encroach on the metaphysical subject area. A final criticism of Humanistic theories is that many professionals view this discipline as motivated by the cold realities of psychoanalysis and is a discipline which is based on the resistance of the unconscious furthermore the discipline has seemed to be in line of descent in recent history. ConclusionI have come to the conclusion that all the four techniques are complementary and one can draw from each, and that the four approaches of psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioural, behaviourism, and humanistic psychology, represent the fundamental ways of viewing human beings and their behavioural problems. It is therefore important to get an understanding of all the techniques so as to know how to help clients with varied problems solve them. I therefore prefer Eclecticism as it acknowledges the human being is a complex being and a single approach cannot be sufficient complete to cater for this complexity.I recommend that a therapist/counsellor gets proper knowledge and training of all the theories in order to be able to counsel a client effectively. Cognitive behavioural approaches deals mainly with what is conscience and evident to the client in my view more research needs to be through and the emphasis should be more on exploring past emotional painful feelings experienced during development period. Which I believe will help the client experience them afresh, address and work on them and in so doing resolve the issues by changing their defective thinking and behaviours.References1. BAC, 2009. The BACP definition of counselling online Lutterworth,Leicestershire BAC 2. 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