John Locke Theory Of Property Essays - Libertarian Theory, Property

John Locke Theory Of Property Perhaps one of, if not the, most historically influential political thinkers of the western world was John Locke. John Locke, the man who initiated what is now known as British Empiricism, is also considered highly influential in establishing grounds, theoretically at least, for the constitution of the United States of America. The basis for understanding Locke is that he sees all people as having natural God given rights. As Gods creations, this denotes a certain equality, at least in an abstract sense. This religious back drop acts as a the foundation for all of Lockes theories, including his theories of individuality, private property, and the state. The reader will be shown how and why people have a natural right to property and the impact this has on the sovereign, as well as the extent of this impact. Locke was a micro based ideologist. He believed that humans were autonomous individuals who, although lived in a social setting, could not be articulated as a herd or social animal. Locke believed person to stand for, ... a thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and reflection, and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing in different times and places, which it only does by that consciousness which is inseparable from thinking. This ability to reflect, think, and reason intelligibly is one of the many gifts from God and is that gift which separates us from the realm of the beast. The ability to reason and reflect, although universal, acts as an explanation for individuality. All reason and reflection is based on personal experience and reference. Personal experience must be completely individual as no one can experience anything quite the same as another. This leads to determining why Locke theorized that all humans, speaking patriarchially with respect to the time why all men, have a natural right to property. Every man is a creation of Gods, and as such is endowed with certain individual abilities and characteristics as gifts from God. Not being able to know Gods exact wishes for man, Locke believed that all men have an obligation to develop and caress these gifts. In essence, each man was in charge of his own body and what was done with his body. Of course, for Locke, each man would do the reasonable thing and develop his natural skills and potentials to the best of his abilities, in the service of God. The belief in God given abilities and the obligations that follow are not totally deterministic. Man, endowed with reason, could choose not to develop these abilities. Having the ability to choose the development of his potential, each man is responsible for that potential and consequently is responsible for his own body. The development, or lack therein, is a consequence of individual motivation and is manifested through labor. In keeping with the theory of ones body is ones own, a mans property can be explained in terms of the quantifying forces of his labors. Physical labor or exercisation of his mind, to produce fruits for this persons labor, is then his own property. Locke believed that one did not need the consent of a sovereign, as far as property was concerned, because it is the melding of labor and nature that makes anything owned. Yolton articulates this when he states, (b)y mixing my work, my energy with some object, (nature), I particulise that object, its commonness becomes particular Locke believed that as long as there was plenty for others, consent was pointless, irrelevant and would merely be an overzealous exercision of power. Pointless because as long as there was more for others in the common store, one was not infringing on anothers natural rights. Irrelevant because property production or the use of labor was completely individualistic and one should not be able to control anothers labo r as it is an infringement on their natural rights. There are however limits, as far as property and labor are concerned. One limit is that of non destruction. God did not create anything for man to destroy. The amount produced by any man should be kept in check by his level of destruction. For example, there is a big difference between the cutting of

Sing Along ABCs Song Version

Sing Along ABCs Song Version Singing the ABC song has long been a favorite way to learn the alphabet in English. This song has the same melody as Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star. Click on the audio symbol to hear the song four times. Just listen the first time, and then try to sing along with song when it repeats. Sing this song often, and you will learn your ABCs quickly, too! Click to listen to the song and sing along! Sing Along Words and Letters A B C D E F G HI J K L M N O PQ R S T U and V W X Y and Z.Now Ive learned my ABCs. Tell me what you think of me! ABCs Pronunciation Guide eh like the open e sound in letee like the long e sound in the word tree A - eh-eeB - beeC - seeD - deeE - eeF - ehfG - jeeH - eh-eetchI - ah-eeJ - jeh-eeK - keh-eeL - ehlM - ehmN - ehnO - o-uP - peeQ - kjewR - arS - ehsT- teeU - you (pronounced like the pronoun you)V - veeX - eksY - why (pronounced like the question word you)Z - zee Practice the ABC Song on your own! More on Learning Correct English Pronunciation Learn how to pronounce English well by learning phonetic symbols. These symbols represent the sound of English words no matter the spelling.   English ConsonantsPronunciation of the Alphabet with Example WordsSpelling Quiz Page

Business Analisys of Coca Cola Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business Analisys of Coca Cola Brand - Essay Example The essay discusses that the Coca-Cola Company started as a beverage business company in 1886 selling the product at five cents a bottle. The initial escalation was unsurpassed and impressive, but more was characterized when the company established a more and powerful system of bottling. This made the brand rise to be the world’s most liked and known brand of today. The sale of Coca-Cola began in Vicksburg by a storeowner called Joseph Biedenharn who started bottling the product for sale in a common bottle termed Hutchinson. The storeowner accidentally sent a sample to Asa Candler who was the owner of the company who merely thanked him and did not implement this aspect. One of Candler’s nephews persisted for his use of the bottle but he ignored and only centered on the fountain proceeds. Two youthful attorneys from Tennessee trusted that they had the competence to build up a business around bottling the brand. They met with the director of the company who later authoriz ed them to bottle the brand in roughly all the parts of the US. The brand now rose to one dollar a bottle. A third party who was a lawyer joined the duo, thus they further vended the bottle rights to confined wholesalers and entrepreneurs. Their endeavors were further heightened by the major a technological advancements that increased efficiency and quality of the product. With this breakthrough, nearly 500 bottling plants were functioning and small-scale businesses and families owned a majority of them. A number of the plants were only opened in the dry spells when the demand was escalated. Since the straight bottle was confusing to the public, an undersized group on behalf of the company asked the public to give ideas on how to improve the bottle so that it becomes unique to the Coca-Cola brand. With the technological advancements eminent in the global economy, those who sold the brand evolved into global chains. These customers merged for reason of tackling the increasing global market (Tung, 2001, 23). The company is an American beverage institution and manufacturer. It has its HQ in Atlanta Georgia and has Muhtar Kent as its present Director. The company also retails and promotes non-alcoholic juices and syrups. The company is best recognized for its pioneer Coca-Cola product invented by John Pemberton in Georgia. Asa Chandler established the modus operandi and brand of Coca-cola in 1889. It features in the NYSE, and is a component of DJIA and the Russell Index. 2. Organizational Design & Strategy The primary competences that provide the association its unsurpassed competitive merit are its powerful name of product and its system of distribution and bottling. Besides its marketing potentials and extensive collection of products, The Company has key competences that are tremendously complicated, if not impracticable to copy. The powerful Coca-Cola product name provides the company a large amount of bargaining influence and advantage. In 1999, Coca-Cola Com pany and PepsiCo were struggling to develop into merchants of juices for the Wendy’s cafe chain. Wendy’s chose to associate with The Coca-Cola Company albeit PepsiCo was presenting a large amount of money. The Coca-Cola brand name enjoys much domination in the market. The Coca-Cola brand has authority on customer preferences. When Company was endeavoring to initiate Diet Coke, they implemented some sightless taste experiments with customers. The customers favored a glass tagged Diet Coke over a glass tagged Tab by 12%, although the fluids in all the glasses were matching. Designing Organizational Structure: Authority &Control The Company presently recruits nearly 94,800 workers. According to a broad managerial graphical representation acquired from the firm’s website, the company has over 5 hierarchical stages at the corporate strategy. For instance, the director of the Canadian region is subordinate to the

Citizenship and Social Exclusion in England and Turkey's schools Essay

Citizenship and Social Exclusion in England and Turkey's schools - Essay Example The central thesis of the paper would claim that both Bernard Crick and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's views are formed into one social structure and represents citizenship in education as a uniform standard which applies to all groups and people which live in their country. This is in a way comparison of welfare model to republic model of citizenship. To elaborate the entire subject matter it is important to understand the terminology of citizenship under the perspective of Osler and Starkey's point of view. Under the parameters of Osler and Starkey citizenship indicates several variables where one of the most important aspects is the determination trust and faith democracy rather than autocracy. The second most important aspect in accordance to Osler and Starkey is the determination of cooperation rather than the essence of conflict within the society. Thirdly it should be seen whether it is sustainable within the parameters of diversity and equality. The essence of citizenship also indicates that a good citizen must be bale to recognise the individual responsibilities and rights. The individual citizen must also recognise the precedence of authority and power. Furthermore the citizen must be able to understand and honour the aspects of order and freedom along with community preference and individual position in the society. Lastly, Osler and Starkey indicated that the indication of citizen that is the most important of all is the understanding, application and exercise of human rights, law, rules, justice and fairness. These are the basic parameters of a citizen from the point of view of Osler and Starkey. (Osler, 2000) It is important to define the concept of social exclusion in the context of England from the parameters of the citizenship principals. There are substantial differences among theorists of education regarding this issue along with the practitioners that whether the entire citizenship tool is applicable or not while engaging the ethnic minority segment of the society and combat racism. Osler and Starkey mention that this fundamental essence is instrumental in providing a good amount of opportunity that would be ultimately be a very important aspect of eradicating racial inequality in education. At the same note Osler and Starkey believes that Crick report has hardly any element that would be helpful for providing guidance to the teachers in spreading anti racism. Furthermore, Osler and Starkey also believe that the Crick report would not prove to be any help in the perspective of minority engagement in terms of students. In fact there is no mention of racism in the creak report. But the fact is that this is one element in the society that could be termed as one of the most detrimental aspects of the society and is in fact an evil curse on democracy. Osler and Starkey even mentions that the Crick report is basically a recommendation that contains a lot of colonial flavour. (Osler, 2000) In the present situation the government aiming to incorporate programs that socially include everyone devoid of colour, cast, race and creed. One of the most compelling developments of our age is the recognition of multicultural of multiracial society and how they

Interpersonalinterprofessional skills - social work Essay

Interpersonalinterprofessional skills - social work - Essay Example Today there are several families where the elderly people need care, children especially the disabled need support and increasing number of people are patients of AIDS and other STDs. Social workers are expected to reach out to these people in need as well as to those social problems such as abuse, family issues, rape, etc. The result is that social workers experience increasing pressure on a day to day basis. If we look into the professional roles of social workers it can be said that presently it is focused on managing access to available services rather than on helping people find solutions to their problems. As a result of this the trend is now that people have become passive recipients of services and are not much involved in participating in social care. A typical social worker needs to be dedicated, intelligent, and demonstrate leadership qualities, work with the team, and also requires a capacity for critical thinking. Professional social workers are committed to a value base and the British Association of Social Workers defines five basic values - â€Å"Social work practice should both promote respect for human dignity and pursue social justice, through service to humanity, integrity and competence† (ADSW, 2004). In fact these are the basic values that empower the behaviour of social workers while in the field. A professional approach is a must in working with individuals, families, social groups or communities, especially an unbiased approach. Today, many consider social work is a meaningful career, diverse, dynamic, challenging, and have a deep sense of satisfaction. This is the basic reason that social work has now become a subject that need to be specialised in before it is taken up as a profession. There are several qualities in particular the leadership qualities that need to be developed. It is expected that from the professional training, social workers get a wide range of knowledge on people’s needs and allow them to

Effect of Climate Change on Pollock Population

Effect of Climate Change on Pollock Population The Population of Pollock Under Climate Change as Determined by Age, Distribution, and Prey Energy Content Abstract Pollock, like many other species, respond to the threats of climate change within their home in the Bering Sea. Living in an ecosystem hugely affected by its seasonal ice sheet, pollock are dependent on the timing and extent of its annual movement. The connection examined in this  paper is the relationship between algal blooms, cold water stratification, juvenile pollock predation, and adult pollock fishery recruitment. As the reach and lifespan of the ice sheet fluctuate, so does the amount of cold water habitat and ice algae that juvenile pollock depend on to survive to adulthood. During a year with an earlier retreat of/or less ice a smaller cold water area is established, leaving juvenile pollock open to their cannibalistic adult counterparts. Also, during such a year, ice algae production does not provide the high energy lipids needed to fuel the juvenile pollock population through their growth. This chain effect, while not threatening for the survival of the entire population , does have significant implications for fishery recruitment. Introduction Climate change as a global phenomenon acts uniquely in different environments to a wide range of possible effects on almost every species. In the Arctic, many of these individual systems draw back to the infamous retreating ice sheet, upon which Arctic species live, hunt, reproduce, and die. One Arctic species with major implications to humans may be experiencing difficulties due to climate change as retreating sea ice alters its habitat in the Bering Sea. Walleye pollock, (Gadus chalcogrammus), is a billion dollar industry in the US. This industry depends on the natural seasonal variability of the Bering Sea ice sheet as it annually descends and retreats over the Bering Sea. This is the environmental clock that marks the algal blooms pollock depend on. In this way, as climate change alters the ice landscape the energy content of the lower food chain is also affected, leading to a possible decrease in survival for adult pollock. Physical Oceanography of the Bering Sea There are three hydrographic areas within the southeastern Bering Sea shelf: the coastal shelf, with a depth of less than 50 meters; the middle shelf, with a depth of 50-100 meters; and the outer shelf, with a depth of 100-200 meters (Bering Sea, 2014). Pollock can be found over most of the Bering Sea, but much of the population and studies occur in the Eastern Bering Sea (EBS), where the research is centered. Pollock spend much of their time over the 500 kilometer wide sea shelf, which is generally less than 180 meters deep (Hunt, et. al., 2011; Bering Sea, 2014). The processes that occur within the central shelf are most critical to pollock. (Stabeno, et. al., 2012) A comparison between the -2 degree water in the cold pool during a warm year (2003) and a cold year (Blue) (2007) with depth contours of the EBS marked. Note that the warm year highlight has been  moved down 2 degrees of latitude to show comparison. The middle part of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf is the region within the Bering Sea most affected by climate change. In this area, a well-mixed water column appears in winter due to the strong winds; however, in summer two clearly separated layers appear. The surface layer of the summer water column is mixed by the wind while the bottom layer is mixed by the tide. The nutrient-rich bottom layer is insulated from warming by the surface layer once the water column stratifies. This insulation during the summer months causes the bottom layer to warm only slightly. Because the temperature of the bottom layer, the cold pool, depends on the water column’s temperature during the  time of stratification, the time of ice retreat affects it greatly (Stabeno, et. al., 2012). The cold pool’s temperature stays below two degrees Celsius for the  summer in cold years when extensive spring ice remains through April, while, during warm years with early ice retreat, the cold pool ’s temperature remains above two degrees Celsius during summer. Seasonal Ice Sheet Data According to historical records, the continuous decline of the Arctic sea ice extent began in the late 1800s and has rapidly increased over the last three decades. The rate of ice loss in this period is unequaled by any other sea ice recession in the last thousand years (Polyak et. al., 2010). Additionally, the annual mean temperature in the Arctic is now measured at being more than 1.5 degrees Celsius higher than it was in the period of time between 1971 and 2000. (Overland, et. al. 2013). Compiled historical records relating to Arctic ice margins have shown that a general retreat of seasonal Arctic ice has been occurring since early in the twentieth century. This retreat has particularly accelerated in the last five decades in regards to both seasonal and perennial ice. Though reliable satellite records of ice margins have only been available since 1979, in the three decades of their existence, the recorded data has exhibited generally negative trends in sea-ice extent; the month of September is particularly significant with a decline of 11% per decade. (Polyak, et. al., 2010). Since the 1980s, Arctic sea ice volume has declined by 75% (Overland, et. al., 2013); between 1982 and 2007, perennial sea ice over five years of age decreased by 56%. The general coverage of perennial ice decreased by 88%, and any ice exceeding nine years of age all but disappeared. (Stroeve, et. al., 2008). A seasonally nearly ice free Arctic, an Arctic devoid of almost all perennial ice, should appear within the next fifty years. (Overland, et. al., 2013; Polyak, et. al., 2010; Stroeve, et. al., 2008). This eventuality will increase Arctic warming and may also affect weather systems that range beyond the Arctic. (Polyak, et. al. 2010). Pollock Pollock, (Gadus chalcogramma) was our main species of consideration. These groundfish are a relative of cod that commonly populate the Eastern Bering Sea. During their growth an individual can be expected to reach 30-91cm. Their range of habitat extends from roughly 100 meters below the surface to 300 meters, but they have been spotted at depths as low as 1000 meters. Pollock, with a twelve year life span, go through several life phases based on age that dictate behavior and position on the food chain. These life phases will be referred to as adult; over two years, or juvenile; less than two years. Juvenile can also be broken into age 0, which hatched that year, and age 1. Distribution of pollock is dependant mainly on age and temperature (by season), and predator locations (Benoit-Bird et. al. 2013). Younger fish generally subsist on zooplankton such as copepods, while adults eat euphausiids (krill), tunicates, copepods, shrimp, and other fish as well as sometimes resorting to cannibalism of juvenile Pollock. Juvenile pollock success is dependent on timing and location overlap with their prey copepods, and they enjoy a much greater overlap during cold years than in warm years (Siddon et. al. 2013). Pollock success is also directly linked to the lipid content of copepod prey sources (Heintz et. al. 2013). For age-0 pollock distribution the factors of original spawning ground and subsequent survival, as well as the regular stresses that produce schooling behavior also  determine success (Benoit-Bird et. al. 2013). Overlap of adult and age-0 pollock that allows for cannibalism happens primarily during autumn and winter while cannibalism of age-1 pollock occurs farther Northwest during the summer months (Mueter et, al, 2011). Implications of Climate Change The warm year vs. cold year effect is a key factor in the distribution of pollock based on their age and prey. Earlier sea ice retreat leads to an earlier plankton bloom, juvenile pollock’s main prey and so those pollock move to and feed in those areas where copepods live off that bloom. For juvenile pollock, this creates a spike of surviving juvenile pollock fueled by the temporarily expanded prey source, but later on in the year pollock cannot get enough energy from their food to survive through the winter, and so later age class populations are reduced. In contrast, algal blooms on the ice sheet in cold years create a higher lipid content copepod source, so the population of pollock can be more abundant (Heintz et. al. 2013). There is a 33% increase (Heintz et. al. 2013) in energy of pollock when a cold year produces high-lipid copepods in overlap with juvenile pollock. In this way the success of juvenile pollock determines the success of the species. The success of juvenile pollock during cold vs. warm years also is affected by distribution. Age 1 pollock can take refuge in the cold pool due to their greater temperature tolerance, while the older fish are pushed to outer shelf outside the cold pool. This keeps adult pollock from cannibalizing their juvenile counterparts in excess. The decrease in cold pool size during warm years reduces the availability of this safe habitat, which causes a cannibalism increase as pollock are the best food for other pollock when copepods and other prey have a low energy content (Siddon, personal communication). With more warm years in the Bering Sea due to climate change, the cold pool will be  warmer and lipid content of copepods will decrease. In this way the population recruitment of pollock will suffer. (Stabeno, et. al., 2012). Human Interactions The pollock catch has annually averaged 1.3 million tons ever since the late 1980s when United States vessels first began fishing for pollock. Today, the pollock fishery is the largest in the United States by volume. Since 1998, pollock prices have hovered at approximately one dollar per pound. A table of age two fish caught shows a correlation between year temperature, or previous year temperature and the amount of two-year-old (new adult) fish caught. The pollock fishery is currently the second largest in the world and made up 61.9% of the total Alaskan groundfish catch in 2012 (Walleye Pollock Research, 2012). The U.S. fishery landed roughly 1.26 million tons between 2012 and 2014. In 2012 the products derived from the catch were worth over 1 billion dollars, and the catch itself valued $343 million. This massive resource fuels the imitation crab industry and is the fillet component in fried fillet sandwiches. This use is in part due to the natural oil content which is both higher than the content in similar species and considered more flavorful. (NOAA, 2014) To a much lesser extent, money from the pollock fishery goes  back into native villages on the west coast of Alaska. This happens through jobs, subsidies and money given back to the tribal government (Pollock Provides, 2008). Recommendations As the amount of pollock recruited to adulthood will greatly deteriorate with the increase of warm years in the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, it is to be recommended that fisheries begin to consider the recruitment of other species to serve as a buffer for certain pollock products. Arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), could be a possible alternative to pollock for surimi, which is more commonly known as imitation crab. Though the arrowtooth flounder has not been commercially fished in the past because of an enzyme that quickly breaks down the fish when heated, additives have been developed that can stop the flesh from degrading. These additives will open up opportunities for the arrowtooth flounder’s commercial fishery; its marketability will be greatly benefited as well (Arrowtooth Flounder Overview, 2014; Arrowtooth Flounder Research, 2014). This makes a surimi product that originates from arrowtooth flounder a viable alternative to the current pollock surimi; instituting arrowtooth flounder based surimi products will reduce the human-related strain on the pollock population while also reducing human dependence on the continually deteriorating pollock fishery. Conclusion Pollock is a vital component to the Bering Sea ecosystem, both for the food chain and the humans who fish from it. As the Arctics mean temperature has risen by approximately 1.5 degrees Celsius in the last four decades and the ice sheet volume has decreased by 75% (Overland et. al. 2013), it is reasonable to conclude that the temperature will only rise higher and higher as the Bering ice sheet retreats earlier and earlier. This would greatly affect the southeastern Bering Sea shelf by raising the temperature of the summer cold pool perpetually above 2 degrees Celsius, therefore instituting a repeating cycle of continuous warm years that would be detrimental to pollock population recruitment, as the plankton prey that juvenile pollock depend on would bloom earlier, leaving pollock with less energy during the later months. (Stabeno et. al. 2012; Heintz et. al. 2014). Bibliography Arrowtooth Flounder Overview (2014). Fishwatch.gov. Retrieved from  http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/flounder/species_pages/arrowtooth_flounder.htm Arrowtooth Flounder Research (2014). NOAA. Retrieved from  http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/species/Arrowtooth_flounder.php Benoit-Bird, K. , McIntosh, N. , Heppell, S. (2013) Nested scales of spatial heterogeneity in juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the southeastern Bering Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 484, 219-238. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/BSP_95_BenoitBird_et_al_MEPS_m484p219.pdf Bering Sea. (2014). North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from  http://www.nprb.org/nprb/aboutus/missionresearchprinciples/scientific-foundation/largemarineecosystems/beringsea. Duffy-Anderson, J. , Mueter, F. , Smart, T. , Siddon, E. , Horne, J. (2014) Young Fish in a Warm Bering Sea. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/B53_Duffy_Anderson_press.pdf Heintz, R. , Siddon, E. (2014) Seasonal Bioenergetics in the Bering Sea. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/B54_Heintz_press.pdf Heintz, R. Siddon, E. Farley, E. Napp, J. (2013) Correlation between recruitment and fall condition of age-0 pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the eastern Bering Sea under varying climate conditions. DeepSea Research II 94, 159-156. http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/BSP_93_Heintz_2013_DSR2.pdf Hunsicker, M. , Ciannelli, L. , Bailey, K. , Zador, S. , Stige, L.C. (2014) Climate, Population Dynamics and Predator-Prey Overlap. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/BSH_60_Climate,_Population,_Predator-Prey.pdf Hunt, Jr., G. L., Stabeno, P., Walters, G., Sinclair, E., Brodeur, R. D., Napp, J. M., Bond, N. A., (2002). Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep Sea Research II, 49, 5821-5853. Hunt, G. L., Coyle, K. O., Eisner, L. B., Farley, E. V., Heintz, R. A., Mueter, F., Napp, J. M., Overland, J. E., Ressler, P. H., Salo, S., Stabeno, P. J. (2011). Climate impacts on eastern Bering Sea foodwebs: a synthesis of new data and an assessment of the Oscillating Control Hypothesis. ICES Journal of Marine Science. Mueter, F. Bond, N. Ianelli, J. Hollowed, A. (2011) Expected declines in recruitment of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in the eastern Bering Sea under future climate change. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68(6), 1284-1296. http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/6/1284.full.pdf+html   NOAA (2014, April 29). Alaska Pollock. Retrieved from  http://www.fishwatch.gov/seafood_profiles/species/pollock/species_pages/alaska_pollock.htm Overland, J. E., Wang, M., Walsh J. E., Stroeve, J. C. (2013). Future Arctic climate changes: Adaptation and mitigation time scales. Earth’s Future, . Retrieved from http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/future/bib/EarthsFutureJEO.pdf Pollock Provides (2008) Coastal Villages Region Fund, Volume 11, Issue 3. Retrieved from http://www.coastalvillages.org/sites/www.coastalvillages.org/files/documents/pollock_provides_special_edition.pdf Polyak, L., Alley, R. B., Andrews, J. T., Brigham-Grette, J., Cronin, T. M., Darby, D. A, Dyke, A. S., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Funder, S., Holland, M., Jennings, A. E., Miller, G. H., O’Regan, M., Savelle, J., Serreze, M., St. John, K., White, J. W. C., Wolff, E. (2010). History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29. Retrieved from http://bprc.osu.edu/geo/publications/polyak_etal_seaice_QSR_10.pdf Siddon, Elizabeth. Personal communication, October 27, 2014, at Thunder Mountain High school from 4:00-4:40 p.m. Siddon, E. , Kristiansen, T. , Mueter, F.J. , Holsman, K. , Heintz, R. , Farley, E. (2013). Spatial Match-Mismatch between Juvenile Fish and Prey Provides a Mechanism for Recruitment Variability across Contrasting Climate Conditions in the Eastern Bering Sea. Stabeno, P. J., Kachel, N. B., Moore, S. E., Napp, J. M., Sigler, M., Yamaguchi, A., Zerbini, A. N. (2012). Comparison of warm and cold years on the southeastern Bering Sea shelf and some implications for the ecosystem. Deep Sea Research II Stroeve, J., Serreze, M., Drobot, S., Gearheard, S., Holland, M., Maslanik, J., Meier, W., Scambos, T. (2008). Arctic Sea Ice Extent Plummets in 2007. Eos, 89. Uchiyama, T. , Kruse, G. , Mueter, F. (2014) Understanding Bering Sea Groundfish Populations. North Pacific Research Board. Retrieved from http://www.nprb.org/assets/images/uploads/B75_Kruse_press.pdf Walleye Pollock. (2010). NOAA. Retrieved from  http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/Education/factsheets/10_Wpoll_FS.pdf Walleye Pollock Research. (2012, January 1). NOAA. Retrieved from http://www.afsc.noaa.gov/species/pollock.php

Procter & Gamble Financial Analysis Essay

What began as a small family-run candle and soap business, grew through innovation, creative marketing and partnerships to become the largest consumer goods company in the world. William Procter, emigrating from England, established himself as a candle maker in Cincinnati, which was a busy center of commerce and industry in the early nineteenth century. And James Gamble, arriving from Ireland, apprenticed himself to a soap maker. The two might never have met had they not married sisters Olivia and Elizabeth Norris, whose father convinced his new sons-in-law to become business partners. As a result, in 1837, a bold new enterprise was born: Procter & Gamble. William Procter was born in 1801 in England. As a boy, he worked as general store apprentice, learning to â€Å"dip candles† – a skill that would later lead to both fame and fortune. His first entrepreneurial venture, however, met with disaster. The day after opening, his dry goods shop in London was robbed, leaving Procter $8,000 in debt – a huge sum in 1832. Determined to rebuild, he and his wife decided to immigrate to the United States. While traveling down the Ohio River, Mrs. Procter became ill and died a few months after their arrival in Cincinnati. Procter first worked in a bank. He then decided to use his past experience as a candle maker to earn extra income and help pay off his debt. He took advantage of the fat and oil by-products from Cincinnati’s large meatpacking industry. Procter began as a one- person operation – manufacturing, selling and delivering candles to his customers in the area. During this time, he also met and proposed to Olivia Norris, the daughter of a prominent candle maker in town, Alexander Norris. Meanwhile, James Gamble was born in 1803, in Ireland. He immigrated with his family to America in 1819 as part of a mass exodus from Northern Ireland. They were headed for Illinois, but during the trip, James Gamble, then 16, became violently ill; his parents took him ashore in Cincinnati. By the time James recovered, the family had decided to stay. At 18, James began an apprenticeship with a local soap maker, then years later, opened his own soap and candle shop with a friend. Before long, Gamble met and married Elizabeth Ann Norris, the second daughter of Alexander Norris. The business began during nationwide panic and depression. But the struggling young firm survived. Cincinnati proved a sound business base because as a meat packing center, it offered plenty of fat and oil for soap and candle making. †¢The Procters’ eldest son, William A. Procter, was the first P&G President in 1890. †¢Son Harley T. was the company’s first Advertising and Sales Manager. He named Ivory Soap. †¢The Gamble’s eldest son, James N. Gamble, invented Ivory Soap and founded the first laboratory in P&G history.

Depreciation Essay

Depreciation Essay A method of accelerated depreciation, in which double the straight-line depreciation amount is taken the first year and then that same percentage, is applied to the un-depreciated amount in subsequent years is called double-declining-balance-method. Depreciation methods that provide a higher depreciation charge in the first year of an asset’s life and gradually decreasing charges in subsequent years are called â€Å"accelerated depreciation methods†.This may be a more realistic reflection of an asset’s actual expected benefit from the use of the asset, which many assets are most useful when they are new. One popular accelerated method is the double-declining-balance-method. Under this method the book value is multiplied by a fixed rate and is the most common rate which is use. When using the double-declining-balance-method the salvage value is not considered in determining the annual depreciation but the book value of the asset being depreciate d is never brought below its salvage value, regardless of the method used.The process continues until the salvage value or the end of the asset’s useful life is reached. In the last year of depreciation a subtraction might be needed in order to prevent book value from falling below estimated scrap value. Since double-declining- balance depreciation does not always depreciate an asset fully by its end of life some methods also compute a straight-line depreciation each year and apply the greater of two. This has the effect of converting from declining-balance depreciation to the straight-line depreciation at a midpoint in the asset’s life.

Adam Clayton Powell Jr. essays

Adam Clayton Powell Jr. essays Adam Clayton Powell Jr., The first African American voted to congress from New York, he combined a flair for militant speech ethics that drew crowds of African Americans and his social protest was a resemblance some of his political ambitions; Powell career was a symbol of black posterity, strength, and most of all black protest Born in New haven, Connecticut, on November 29, 1908 would soon move with his parents to New York City. His father the Rev. Adam Clayton Powell Sr. was an active member in the struggle against racism, and he also lectured on race relations at Colgate University, City College of New York and Union Theological Seminary. He was also the founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and also was one the organizers of the Silent Protest Parade. The Reverend Powell was one who argued heavily in favor racial pride and believed in education and hard work. Living in New York at a time when many blacks of the south where migrating to the northern cities, Adam Clayton Powell Jr. would follow close in his father footsteps. As the groundwork was being laid by father, the charismatic preacher, who managed to increase the Abyssinian Church member substantially, and buy land in Harlem to construct a new church building. The younger Powell would begin to take a greater interest in what his father was doing in the community for African American later in his college years. Powell would attend the City College of New York, graduated with a B. A. degree from Colgate University, and would earn a M. A. degree in religious education from Columbia University. Soon Powell would become an assistant minister in his father church in Harlem. The first signs of his oratory skills would manifest its self when Powell used picket lines and mass meetings to demand reforms at New Yorks Harlem Hospital. The protest was held over the dismissal of five black doctors from its staff because of their race. ...

Free Essays on Septemer 11 Casue And Effects

Throughout the course of a person’s life there are events that change the path of life and how the person will live and look at life in the future. As in my life I have witnessed and experienced events that have changed the way I live today. The events of September 11, 2001 not only changed my life but millions of people and how we all live today. As I was walking through the halls at the beginning of my senior year at Troy High I would never have thought that this great nation would be attacked and thousands of our friends and family would not be here the next morning when we awake. I was walking to my second period class at around 8:10am on September 11 when I looked into a classroom and saw one of the towers on fire. AT first I thought nothing of it and continued to class. When I arrived to my class the TV was not one and we started off the class as normal. However when a few of the late students came in they had looks of fear and terror. The teacher asked why they were late and the responded with â€Å"I was watching the twin towers burn on TV†. When the teacher questioned there response she turned on the TV soon enough the second plane hit a few minutes after that the Pentagon was attacked. As we watched with silence and tears the carnage that unfolded when the towers came down with thousands of people stil l trapped inside. At this time personally I did not know what to think but I did know that this was the most horrifying thing that I had ever seen. In the hours to come we would find out that our nation had been attacked by not another nation but a face less group of terrorist. Today one year and two months later our society has recovered somewhat and the huge piles of ruble from what were two gigantic towers is cleaned up. However inside of every American lives the fear of what might happen next. We are now taking the next step to make sure every American can live in a prosperous and free nation. The United ... Free Essays on Septemer 11 Casue And Effects Free Essays on Septemer 11 Casue And Effects Throughout the course of a person’s life there are events that change the path of life and how the person will live and look at life in the future. As in my life I have witnessed and experienced events that have changed the way I live today. The events of September 11, 2001 not only changed my life but millions of people and how we all live today. As I was walking through the halls at the beginning of my senior year at Troy High I would never have thought that this great nation would be attacked and thousands of our friends and family would not be here the next morning when we awake. I was walking to my second period class at around 8:10am on September 11 when I looked into a classroom and saw one of the towers on fire. AT first I thought nothing of it and continued to class. When I arrived to my class the TV was not one and we started off the class as normal. However when a few of the late students came in they had looks of fear and terror. The teacher asked why they were late and the responded with â€Å"I was watching the twin towers burn on TV†. When the teacher questioned there response she turned on the TV soon enough the second plane hit a few minutes after that the Pentagon was attacked. As we watched with silence and tears the carnage that unfolded when the towers came down with thousands of people stil l trapped inside. At this time personally I did not know what to think but I did know that this was the most horrifying thing that I had ever seen. In the hours to come we would find out that our nation had been attacked by not another nation but a face less group of terrorist. Today one year and two months later our society has recovered somewhat and the huge piles of ruble from what were two gigantic towers is cleaned up. However inside of every American lives the fear of what might happen next. We are now taking the next step to make sure every American can live in a prosperous and free nation. The United ...

Analysis of Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild - Essay Example These privileges include a loving family, a college degree, a car that he adored as well as money worth $25,000 in his savings account (Krakauer 6). This spurs the question as to why and how would such a young man shut all contact with his parents and family, abandon his vehicle, give out all his money, and leave to spend the next two years as a lonely and homeless drifter. Prior to all this prestige, Chris abandons them, and ventures into the unknown world to look for the rare adventurous life without fully planning and preparing for it. This paper will specifically outline how the young man bearing the name Chris McCandless related with nature during his adventures especially in the wilderness and how the nature treated him back. Chris's McCandless relationship with nature as presented in the film Alaska has long been a magnet that attracts dreamers and misfits, and people who think that their miserable shortcomings will be patched up by wild adventure. Chris experienced the same i llusion because he believed that the wilderness was the best destination. McCandless saw the wilderness as a place free from modern society and its evils as well as a purer state where he could find his identity, and be completely free (Krakauer 13). However, it is not true that the real experience of day-to-day living in the wilderness is as real as Chris and others like him to imagine. The unreality of the wild escapades is shown by Chris’s relationship with nature, which turned out to be unpredictable because at one time the nature seemed very soothing while at other times the same nature was cruel. In the beginning of his adventure, nature attracted McCandless with rare relaxation when he came across natural thermal pools on the Alaskan Highway. Chris bathed in the soothing water and rested in this particular destination as he pondered his next move (Krakauer 27). On the third day, nature presented Chris with the unexpected by offering him a friend named Alex who too was attracted by the pool that had become Chris’s companion for the few days that Chris had remained in the pool next to the highway. However, nature’s reality began to bite as McCandless spent a lot of time trying to find food to keep his soul alive so that he had time to consciously appreciate the wilderness and its adventures as anticipated before. The lack of food depicts itself through his written journal which consists of lists of the food that he found and ate every day. For a period of six weeks, Chris feasted regularly on spruce grouse, squirrel, duck, goose, and porcupine. He survived by fate because he had to try all means to hunt in order to get food, and the hunting task in itself was a tedious experience that exhausted Chris (Krakauer 86). Prior to food and hunting, nature did not offer Chris the desired satisfaction because he walked for more than five hundred miles towards the tidewater, but later reconsidered his plans and came back to where he had spotted the bus and settled there. Surprisingly, Chris’s settlement was not for long because a few weeks later, he changed his mind and decided to go elsewhere. However, the unpredicted nature was at it again and Chris’s journey was cut short by the flooded river (Krakauer 245). He was a weak swimmer and all he could do was turn back to his unsatisfying environment, and unwillingly Chris had to obey nature by turning back to his bus that had become his home. The reason why Chris seems dissatisfied with nature is because he

Business Model (International Business Management) Essay

Business Model (International Business Management) - Essay Example In the foreseeable future there will be heavy demand of organic apparel products, and the market will grow. To enter the market with this plan, we will adopt the strategy of a Wholly Owned Subsidiary for entrance. Choosing a strategy to enter the market is very essential. It must be well thought out and it completely defines what will happen to the enterprise. There are various ways one can enter a market, such as joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions, turnkey projects, etc. â€Å"A Wholly Owned Subsidiary is a subsidiary whose parent company owns 100% of its common stock. In other words, the parent company owns the company outright and there is no minority owners.† (â€Å"Wholly Owned Subsidiary†). This eliminates the share holders and thus the concept of co owners of the enterprise. This gives the management benefits such as full control over the decision making. Turkey is one of the world’s leaders in organic cotton production: â€Å"Turkey is a world leader in organic cotton production with a 53 per cent share of the market. The countrys history, climate and culture play main role in this leadership." (Gulveren). This makes Turkey a good choice in which to launch a wholly owned subsidiary. Many of world well known fashion companies such as Gap, Banana Republic and Nike are producing their products in Turkey. Thus there are already existing original equipment manufacturers in Turkey that ensures that obtaining raw materials will be easy. â€Å"This Original Equipment Manufacturers segment has helped triple apparel export in the past decade - apparel now accounts for more than 20% of Turkey’s total export volume† (â€Å"Apparel† 365 ) Turkey houses a high percentage of skilled labor. This plays a very important role the plan chosen and will be very beneficial to the authorities since a good workforce leads to better work and better results. Being a wholly owned subsidiary unit would mean taking over the operations of an existing